Part I. Fantine
Righteous
The pious Bishop of Digne, Charles Miriel lives in a modest hospital house, spends ninety percent of his personal money on helping the poor, is distinguished by his good nature and intelligence, spends his whole life at work, helps the suffering, comforts the mourning. He believes in the Lord and is guided in his life by only one thing - love for people.
A fall
Former convict Jean Valjean comes to Digne, arrested nineteen years ago for stealing bread for his sister’s children. He wants to find dinner and lodging for the night, but he is driven away from everywhere. On the advice of a compassionate woman, Valjean finds shelter in the bishop's house. At night, a former convict steals Mriel's silverware. In the morning, the gendarmes catch him and bring him to His Eminence. The bishop forgives Valjean, gives him the silver candlesticks and asks him to use them for the benefit of the poor.
In 1817
The book opens with a description of the historical and cultural events of 1817. Then Hugo talks about four pairs of young people (students and female workers), one of whom, Fantine, is an amazingly beautiful blonde. Her lover leaves her with her little child.
Trusting someone else means sometimes leaving them to the mercy of fate.
Fantine travels to her hometown of Montreal-Maritime to find work. She leaves her daughter to the owners of the Sergeant Waterloo tavern, the Thenardiers. The latter treat Cosette poorly and turn the girl into a servant at the age of five.
On an inclined plane
Uncle Madeleine turned Montreal-Maritime into a developed industrial center for the production of black glass. He cared about his workers and the poor. For his services to the region, the king appointed him mayor of the city.
At the beginning of 1821, Bishop Digne died. Mayor Madeleine puts on mourning for him. Police overseer Javert recognizes the respectable townsman as a former convict when he shows his strength by lifting the cart that crushed old Faucheleval.
Fantine, who works in a women's workshop, is kicked out onto the street after learning that she has a child on the side. The woman begins to live in poverty. The Thenardiers are extracting money from her. At the police station, where Javert sentences her to six months in prison, Mayor Madeleine learns Fantine's story, frees her, and places her in a hospital.
Javert
Madeleine pays off Fantine’s debts, but the Thénardiers do not want to let go of the “gold mine” - Cosette. Javert asks the mayor to fire him for denunciation. The real Jean Valjean, according to the policeman, has been caught - he has “become” Uncle Chanmathieu, who is accused of stealing apples.
Chanmathieu case
Mayor Madeleine goes to Arras, where at a court hearing she openly declares that Jean Valjean is he, and not the defendant Chantamattier.
Rebound kick
Jean Valjean visits Fantine in the hospital. The woman thinks that he brought Cosette. Javert arrests Valjean. Fantine dies from shock. Former mayor Madeleine escapes from prison.
Part II. Cosette
Waterloo
The author describes the Battle of Waterloo, which took place on June 18, 1815. Hugo recounts in detail the movements of armies, losses and fateful events that led to Napoleon's downfall. The night after the battle, Sergeant Thenardier, engaged in looting, accidentally saves the life of the French officer Pontmercy.
Orion ship
Before being arrested, Jean Valjean buries his money in the forests of Montfermeil. Former convict Bashka tries in vain to find them. Valjean, working on the Orion liner, saves the life of a sailor and then jumps into the water. Those around him decide that the hero has drowned.
Fulfillment of a promise given to the deceased
On Christmas night, the Thenardiers send eight-year-old Cosette to a forest spring for water. On the way back, the girl meets Jean Valjean. In the tavern, he watches the child all evening, saving him from beatings, gives him an expensive doll, and in the morning buys him for one and a half thousand francs.
Gorbo's Shack
Jean Valjean and Cosette live on the outskirts of Paris, in Gorbeau's shack. They leave their house as soon as Javert moves in.
Night hunt with a mute pack
An old man and a girl wander for a long time through the night streets of Paris. Trying to escape pursuit, driven into a dead end, Valjean climbs over a high wall and ends up in the Petit Picpus monastery. Old man Fauchelevent, who works there as a gardener, places “Mayor Madeleine” with Cosette in his house.
Small Picpus
The author talks about the history and morals prevailing in the Petit Picpus monastery.
In brackets
Hugo discusses the essence of the monastery as a form of human community. He examines this phenomenon from a logical, historical and moral point of view.
Cemeteries take what they're given
Mother Immaculate dies in Petit Picpus. Fauchelevent asks the abbess to accept his brother and granddaughter into the monastery. In exchange for help, she agrees to bury the pious nun under the altar, contrary to state laws. In an empty coffin, Jean Valjean leaves the monastery to return to it as a gardener.
The history of the creation of the novel "Les Miserables"
Researchers of Victor Hugo's work believe that Les Misérables is the author's main work. And in general, the novel is one of the most grandiose and outstanding books of the 19th century.
"Cosette." Illustration from the first edition of 1862. By Emile Bayard Cândido Aragonez de Faria (Laranjeiras (Brésil), 12 August 1849 - Paris, 17 December 1911), Columbia University in New York
The writer created the novel over more than twenty years. In 1848, on the eve of the revolution, Victor Hugo thinks that the novel he wrote is almost finished. However, the events that have occurred force him to rethink his views, and he realizes that what he has written does not fully reflect his understanding of life, and he still has a lot of work to do.
Hugo plunges headlong into the novel again. Sometimes he writes “continuously” and cannot stop, sometimes he abandons the work for months, or even years, sometimes he gives his clothes to the servants along with an order not to give them to him under any circumstances, thereby locking himself naked in the room, so that nothing (even clothes) distracts him from writing a novel!
Illustration by Gustave Brion for Les Misérables, 1864, State Library of Victoria
Hugo initially called his work “Poverty,” but later changed it to “Misérables,” which translated into Russian means “Unfortunate,” and in the adapted literary version, “Les Misérables.” The plot, built at the very beginning, gradually acquires new chapters and is enriched with historical events through which the characters transform.
Part three. "Marius"
Paris explored by its atom
The author reveals the essence of the French capital through its most prominent representatives - street boys - gamens, one of whom is the youngest son of the Thenardiers - Gavroche.
Important bourgeois
The elderly bourgeois Mr. Gillenormand is raising a grandson - the son of his youngest daughter and the “Loire robber.”
Grandfather and grandson
Gillenormand is a member of the ultra-circle of Baroness T. He “bought” his grandson Marius at the cost of an inheritance from his father, a former colonel in Napoleon’s army, Baron Pontmercy. The son learned about his father's love only after his death. Gillenormand could not bear Marius's new views and kicked him out of the house.
ABC Friends
The Friends of the ABC society sees its main task as helping the humiliated and disadvantaged. It consists of nine students with different personalities and views. "Friends of the ABC" help Marius start a new life.
Advantage of Misfortune
At first, Marius is a beggar, then he begins to earn a little money by translating from German and English, but still lives in poverty. From the "Friends of the ABC" he communicates only with Courfeyrac and the church warden Mabeuf.
Meeting of two stars
In the Luxebourg Gardens, Marius meets a man with a fourteen-year-old ugly girl, who turns into a young beauty after six months. He falls passionately in love with a stranger, exchanges glances with her, finds out where she lives. As soon as this happens, the man and the girl move out of the apartment.
Cock hour
The author gives a brief description of the “Cock Hour” - an association of four bandits who ruled the Parisian “bottom” from 1830 to 1835.
Tricky Poor
Having lost his beloved, Marius suffers. He learns about the plight and evil nature of his neighbors, who are engaged in luring money from the rich. While spying on the Jondrette family, Marius witnesses the arrival of his beloved girl with her father.
Together with the Parisian bandits, Jondrette is preparing a trap for a benefactor who has promised to return in the evening. Marius asks Javert for help. At a critical moment, he recognizes his father’s savior, Thenardier, in his neighbor and does not dare to give the prearranged signal to the police. The latter appears herself. The bandits are arrested. Jean Valjean escapes.
Part IV. The idyll of Rue Plumet and the epic of Rue Saint-Denis
Several pages of history
Hugo tells the reader the revolutionary history of France, introduces him to the bourgeois king Louis Philippe and describes the preparations for the revolution of 1832.
Eponine
Thénardier's eldest daughter is released from prison. She looks for Marius and sadly tells him the address of the “beautiful young lady.”
House on Plumet Street
Jean Valjean, together with Cosette and the maid Toussaint, lives in a small mansion hidden from prying eyes on the Rue Plumet. After refusing to visit the Luxembourg Gardens, Cosette becomes sad.
Help from below can be help from above
Gavroche wants to steal apples from Mabeuf. He overhears a conversation between a former churchwarden and a maid and learns that they have no money. At night on the street the boy sees Jean Valjean with Montparnasse. The former convict easily puts the young murderer on his shoulder. Gavroche steals the wallet given by Valjean to Montparnasse and gives it to Mabeuf.
An end that is unlike the beginning
Marius is on duty under Cosette's windows. He sends her a manuscript with discussions about love and a confession of it. That evening they meet alone for the first time. Marius learns that his feelings are mutual.
Little Gavroche
Gavroche, without knowing it, finds his younger brothers on the street. He puts the kids to sleep in an elephant statue. At night he helps his father escape from prison.
Argo
The author describes the social and linguistic essence of Arogo - the language of poverty and says that social philosophy must save human civilization.
Enchantment and sorrow
Marius comes to Cosette every evening. Eponine drives the bandits away from the lovers' house. Having learned that the girl and her father are leaving for England, Marius goes to his grandfather to ask him for permission to marry. Gillenormand invites him to make Cosette his mistress. Enraged, Marius leaves the house.
Where are they going?
Instead of Cosette, Marius finds an empty house. Mabeuf sells the last book.
June 5, 1832
Hugo discusses the essence of rebellion, its difference from an uprising and the transition to the Revolution. On the day of General Lamarck's funeral, June 5, 1832, riots begin in Paris.
Atom fraternizes with hurricane
Gavroche walks through the Parisian streets with a pistol, quarrels with the doorkeepers, and breaks the glass of a hairdresser's salon with a stone. Like Mabeuf, he is affiliated with the Friends of the ABC.
"Corinth"
Bossuet, Joly and Grantaire have breakfast at the Corinth tavern, near which the rebels build a barricade during the day. Gavroche declassifies Javert.
Marius is hiding in the darkness
Marius goes to the barricade on the Rue Chanvrerie. He reflects on war - classical and civil.
The Greatness of Despair
The guards are advancing on the barricade. Mabeuf hoists the banner of the Republic and dies. Eponine shields Marius from the bullet. The latter promises the guards to blow up the barricade. Government troops are retreating. Eponine dies in Marius's arms. Before her death, she gives him Cosette's letter. Marius writes to his beloved and asks Gavroche to carry his message.
Armed Man Street
Jean Valjean learns that Cosette has a lover. He is terribly jealous of the girl he loves as a daughter, sister, mother. Gavroche gives the letter intended for Cosette to Valjean.
Summary
Part I. Fantine
Book 1. The Righteous
In 1815, the bishop of the city of Digne was Charles-François-Bienvenu Miriel, a 75-year-old man. He lived a very modest life, not allowing "the slightest excess beyond what is necessary" and spending almost all his money on charity.
Book 2. The Fall
Former convict Jean Valjean arrived in the city, who spent 19 years behind bars for “breaking a window glass and taking a loaf of bread.” He stole it to “feed seven kids,” hungry little nephews. Bishop Miriel sheltered a hungry traveler, but he escaped at night along with his silverware. In the morning, the gendarmes brought Valjean to the priest, who gave him silver candlesticks and asked him to use them for a good cause.
Book 3. In 1817
A beautiful young worker, Fantine, “a pretty blonde with wonderful teeth,” fell in love with a student. Two years later, when the young man got tired of Fantine, he left his beloved without regrets with a small child in his arms.
Book 4. To trust another means sometimes to leave one to the mercy of fate
Fantine returned to her hometown of Montreal-Maritime to look for work. She was forced to leave her daughter to the Thenardiers, who owned the Sergeant Waterloo tavern. They mistreated the girl. When Cosette was five years old, she became a maid in a tavern.
Book 5. On an Inclined Plane
Montreal-Maritime became a prosperous city thanks to Uncle Madeleine, who turned it into a center for the production of “black glass goods.” He cared for the poor and ordinary workers in every possible way. For his special services for the development of the region, the king appointed him mayor of Montreal.
One day, Uncle Madeleine saved an old man from certain death by lifting a cart. The superhuman force was witnessed by police warden Javert, who recognized Madeleine as a former convict.
Meanwhile, Fantine was kicked out of the factory and sentenced to six months in prison for large debts. Having learned the sad story of the woman, Madeleine saved her and placed her in the hospital.
Book 6. Javert
Madeleine covered all of Fantine's debts, but the Thenardiers did not want to let go of Cosette, from whom they could make a “cash cow.” Javert told Monsieur Madeleine that he had reported him to the Parisian prefecture - he had no doubt that Madeleine was the same Jean Valjean who, immediately after his release, “robbed a little Savoyard on the high road” and cleverly escaped prosecution. Now the police managed to catch the “real” Valjean, who turned out to be the harmless Uncle Chanmathieu.
Book 7. The Chanmathieu Case
Madeleine went straight to court, where he openly declared that he was the real Jean Valjean, and not the defendant Chanmathieu.
Book 8. Ricochet Strike
Madeleine visited Fantine in the hospital, who was expecting to see Cosette. Before her eyes, Javert arrested the mayor, and the woman died from the shock she experienced. Once in prison, Madeleine “broke the iron bar in the window bars” and escaped.
Part II. Cosette
Book 1. Waterloo
This part provides a detailed description of the Battle of Waterloo, which took place on June 18, 1815.
Book 2. Ship "Orion"
“Jean Valjean was arrested again,” but before his arrest he managed to bury his savings in the forest. Valjean was assigned to the Orion ship. One day, while rescuing a sailor, he fell into the sea and drowned. His body could not be found."
Book 3. Fulfillment of the promise given to the deceased
“Jean Valjean is not dead” - he managed to deftly cover his tracks. For one and a half thousand francs, he bought Cosette from Thenardier and went with her to Paris.
Book 4. Gorbo's Shack
Valjean and Cosette settled on the outskirts of Paris in Gorbeau's shack. “Out of caution, Jean Valjean never left the house during the day,” but one day he met Javert and immediately left his refuge.
Book 5. Night hunt with a mute pack
Fleeing from pursuit, Jean Valjean “trusted in God, as Cosette trusted in him.” Driven into a dead end, he climbed over the high fence and found himself in the Petit Picpus monastery. There he met the gardener, old Fauchelevent, whose life he had once saved.
Book 6. Small Picpus
This part describes the morals and customs prevailing in the Petit Picpus monastery.
Book 7. In Parentheses
The author discusses the significance of the monastery, which gives the form of human community.
Book 8: Cemeteries Take What They're Given
Fauchelevent asked the abbess to accept his brother and granddaughter into the monastery. Meanwhile, one of the nuns died, and the abbess went against all the rules and buried her under the altar. Grandfather Fauchelevent took advantage of the opportunity, and Jean Valjean left the monastery in an empty coffin to return to it as a gardener legally.
Part three. "Marius"
Book 1. Paris, studied by atom
Paris was crowded with gamens - street urchins. One of them was a boy of about eleven named Gavroche, whom “his parents kicked into life.” His family rented a corner in Gorbo's shack, and their neighbor was "a poor young man whose name was Mr. Marius."
Book 2. Important bourgeois
“Monsieur Gillenormand, still quite vigorous in 1831,” an arrogant old man. He had two daughters from different marriages. After the death of his youngest daughter, Mr. Gillenormand was left with a small grandson.
Book 3. Grandfather and grandson
Marius was the son of a former colonel in Napoleon's army, whom Gillenormand "ransomed" at the cost of his inheritance. Only after the death of Baron Pontmercy did seventeen-year-old Marius learn that his father had loved him all these years. “Mr. Gillenormand could not tolerate” Marius’s new views and kicked him out of the house.
Book 4. ABC Friends
Marius was helped to start a new life by members of the Friends of the ABC society - young, ideological students, “friends of the humiliated and disadvantaged, that is, the people.”
Book 5. The Advantage of Misfortune
At first it was very difficult for Marius, but then he began to earn money through translations, and his life improved. The closest of the “Friends of the ABC” to him were Courfeyrac and the church warden Mabeuf.
Book 6. Meeting of two stars
“At that time, Marius was a handsome young man,” but he avoided meeting local beauties in every possible way. The only thing he did not shy away from was the angular teenage girl, whom he often saw in the garden in the company of an elderly man. Six months later, the girl turned into a real beauty, and Marius fell in love. He found out her address, but on the same day the man and the girl moved out of the apartment.
Book 7. Rooster hour
This part presents the characteristics of the “Cock Hour” - the association of four bandits who, for five years, from 1830 to 1835, controlled the Parisian “bottom”.
Book 8. The treacherous poor man
Marius learned that his neighbor in Gorbeau's shack was Thenardier, who at one time saved his father from death. Watching him, the young man realized with horror that “his father’s savior was a robber” who was preparing a trap for the father of his beloved. Marius turned to the police for help, and “Javert came at the right moment.” The bandits were arrested, and Jean Valjean escaped once again.
Part four. The idyll of Rue Plumet and the epic of Rue Saint-Denis
Book 1. A few pages of history
The author introduces readers to King Louis Philippe and describes the preparations for the 1832 revolution.
Book 2. Eponine
The Thenardiers' eldest daughter, Eponine, was released from prison. She found Marius and gave the address to his lover.
Book 3. House on Plumet Street
Jean Valjean and Cosette settled in a small mansion, securely hidden from prying eyes by an abandoned garden. They led a secluded life, but the matured Cosette was already “ready to meet love.” After refusing to visit the garden where she met Marius, Cosette became sad.
Book 4. Help from below can be help from above
Gavroche decided to steal the apples from Mabeuf. Having accidentally overheard his conversation with a maid, he learned that the former church warden had no money at all. The boy stole a wallet from one of the robbers and threw it to Mabeuf.
Book 5. An end that is not similar to the beginning
Marius sent Cosette a letter declaring his love. They met alone, and the young man learned that his feelings were mutual.
Book 6. Little Gavroche
Gavroche, without knowing it, saved his younger brothers from starvation. He explained to the kids that “you should never whine about trifles,” and provided them with a decent place to sleep for the night. That same night he organized an escape from prison for his father Thenardier.
Book 7. Argo
This part presents the characteristics of argot - the language of poverty and crime.
Book 8. Enchantments and Sorrows
Having learned that Cosette would soon leave for England, Marius went to his grandfather for permission to marry. Gillenormand suggested that his grandson make Cosette his mistress, which deeply offended him.
Book 9. Where are they going?
Marius hurried to his beloved, but found the house on Plumet Street completely empty.
Book 10. June 5, 1832
On the day of General Lamarck's funeral, June 5, 1832, riots began in Paris.
Book 11. Atom fraternizes with hurricane
Gavroche, like Mabeuf, joined the Friends of the ABC society.
Book 12. “Corinth”
“Gavroche, full of inspiration,” together with the rest of the poor, built a barricade not far from the Corinth tavern. When the barricades were built, "the rebels, determined, armed, calm, began to wait." Gavroche was sent to reconnaissance, and he declassified Javert.
Book 13. Marius lurks in the darkness
Depressed, Marius “wanted to die, and he had the opportunity to do so” when he saw the barricades.
Book 14. The Greatness of Despair
The guards went on the offensive. Eponine saved Marius by shielding him from the bullet with her body. She managed to convey Cosette's message to the young man. Marius immediately wrote a reply and instructed Gavroche to carry the message.
Book 15. Street of the Armed Man
Jean Valjean found out that Cosette was in love - “it was simple and deafening.” The pangs of jealousy gripped the man, because “he loved Cosette like a daughter, loved her like a mother and loved her like a sister.”
Part five. Jean Valjean
Book 1. War within four walls
Jean Valjean joined the rebels. Fate brought him together with Javert, whom he saved from certain death. Gavroche died while collecting cartridges. Seeing the wounded Marius, Valjean carried him from the battlefield.
Book 2. The Womb of Leviathan
The author describes the history of Parisian sewers.
Book 3. Dirt conquered by fortitude
Fleeing from pursuit, Jean Valjean wandered through the drains with Marius in his arms. He came across a police patrol, but Javert came to his rescue. An old enemy helped Valjean deliver the wounded young man to his grandfather.
Book 4. Javert lost his way
This act unsettled Javert so much that he committed suicide.
Book 5. Grandfather and grandson
Marius quickly recovered, and the happy Gillenormand allowed him to marry Cosette. As a dowry for his pupil, Jean Valjean gave all the money he had - “five hundred eighty-four thousand francs.” Preparations for the wedding have begun.
Book 6. Sleepless night
On their wedding day, February 16, 1833, “Cosette was dazzlingly beautiful and touching.” Many friends of the Gillenormand family were invited to the celebration. Jean Valjean left the celebration and wept bitterly all night over Cosette's old childhood things.
Book 7. The last sip from the cup of compassion
Jean Valjean tells Marius the whole truth about himself. Baron Pontmercy allowed the former convict to visit Cosette every evening without hindrance.
Book 8. Twilight is gathering
Valjean realized that he needed to remove himself from Cosette's life. Rare visits were used, “replacing the address with “you” with the official “you”, “madam”, “Mr. Jean”.
Book 9. Impenetrable darkness, dazzling dawn
Jean Valjean stopped eating and did not get out of bed for days. The doctor decided that “this man, apparently, has lost a being dear to him. People die from this." Marius learned what a wonderful person Jean Valjean was and that it was he who saved him from death at the barricades. Together with Cosette, he hurried to the dying old man and asked for forgiveness on his knees. Happy and peaceful Jean Valjean died in the arms of the young couple.
Part V. Jean Valjean
War within four walls
In the morning, the rebels realize that they have lost the support of the people. Jean Valjean, who joined the revolutionaries, saves Javert from death. Gavroche dies while collecting cartridges. During the day, the guards take the barricade. The head of the "Friends of the ABC" Enjolras and Grantaire are the last to die. Jean Valjean carries the wounded Marius from the battlefield.
Maw of Leviathan
Hugo tells the story of the Paris sewers.
Dirt conquered by the power of spirit
All day long Jean Valjean wanders through the drains with Marius in his arms. He stumbles upon a police patrol and "quicksand". Valjean is released with the help of Thenardier and immediately runs into Javert. The latter helps the former convict deliver Marius to his grandfather, takes Valjean home and disappears.
Javert has lost his way
Javert experiences an internal revolution: he is so amazed by the imperfection of the human system of laws that he cannot stand it and commits suicide.
Grandfather and grandson
Marius is on the mend. Gillenormand allows him to marry Cosette. Jean Valjean gives the girl a dowry of 584 thousand francs. A happy grandfather is preparing for his grandson's wedding. Marius tries in vain to find Thenardier and his savior.
A sleepless night
On February 16, 1833, Marius and Cosette got married. Their wedding procession is tracked down by the mummers Thenardier and Azelma. Jean Valjean does not stay for the holiday.
The last sip from the cup of suffering
Jean Valjean tells Marius about who he is. Baron Pontmercy finds it impossible to live under the same roof with a former convict, but allows him to visit Cosette every evening in one of the lower rooms.
Dusk is gathering
Jean Valjean asks Cosette to call him "Monsieur Jean." Marius gradually weans his wife from her father. Jean Valjean understands this and removes himself from his daughter's life.
Book 9. Impenetrable darkness, dazzling dawn
Jean Valjean stops eating. Thenardier is trying to extract money from Marius by telling him all the ins and outs of the former convict, but, without knowing it, he whitewashes Jean Valjean. Marius and Cosette go to the Rue du Armed Man to take their father home. Happy Jean Valjean dies in their arms.
- "Les Miserables", an artistic analysis of the novel by Victor Hugo
- The image of Cosette in Hugo's work "Les Miserables"
- The image of Gavroche in Hugo's work "Les Miserables"
- “Notre Dame Cathedral”, a summary of the chapters of Hugo’s novel
- "Notre-Dame de Paris", an artistic analysis of the novel by Victor Hugo
- “The Man Who Laughs”, a chapter-by-chapter summary of the novel by Victor Hugo
- "The Man Who Laughs", an artistic analysis of the novel by Victor Hugo
- "Ruy Blas", analysis of the play by Victor Hugo
- "Ruy Blas", a summary of the actions of the play by Victor Hugo
- Victor Hugo, short biography
- "Ernani", an artistic analysis of the romantic drama of Victor Hugo
- "Ernani", a summary of the romantic drama by Victor Hugo
- "Poor People", analysis of Hugo's poem
Based on the work: "Les Miserables"
According to the writer: Hugo Victor
Film adaptation of the novel “Les Miserables”
The novel "Les Miserables" has been filmed many times in different countries of the world. The first film was made in 1913 in France. It was a silent film directed by Albert Capellani, which gained wide worldwide popularity and was also successful in Russia.
Poster for the film Les Misérables by Albert Capellani, produced for Pathé-Frères by the Film Company of Writers and Letters (SCAGL)
Feature films, mini-series and even anime were shot based on the plot of the novel, and a musical was also staged.
The most famous leading actors over the years were actors Jean Gabin, Jean-Paul Belmondo, Gerard Depardieu, and Hugh Jackman.
Share the news on Social Networks:
