Report-message Silver Age in brief

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silver Age

Today, many people are asking the question, “What is the Silver Age?”
The first thought that comes to mind is that this is a time period like the “Bronze Age”, or like the “Stone Age”, but this is absolutely not the case. This does not even apply to literature and folklore. This concept can be used in dialogues, that is, it is the concept of conversational style. How did the “Silver Age” appear?

As indicated in the sources, from the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries, Russia began to experience a sharp leap in science, namely, philosophy and poetry flourished. And already from this information we can assume that the concept of “Silver Age” was invented by a philosopher or poet. But we need to dig a little deeper. The famous philosopher Nikolai Berdyaev called this time period the rebirth of Russian folk culture. As his contemporary Sergei Makovsky says, the concept of “Silver Age” belongs specifically to Nikolai Berdyaev.

There is also information that the concept of “Silver Age” was first used by the then famous poet Nikolai Otsup, this happened in 1929. The “Silver Age” is an emotional concept, but not a scientific one. Since it gives an association with a similar time period called the “Golden Age”, or with the Pushkin era, which was in the first half of the 19th century.

As Nikolai Berdyaev said in his autobiography: “The Silver Age did not give people the impetus for a greater breakthrough in the field of science, philosophy and poetry. Of course, there were truly cultured people who were able to take advantage of this opportunity and gain more knowledge and opportunities. But still, this news is that popular culture has only succeeded in intoxicating people, they became lazier, no one aspired to anything. The milestones had one thought about this, but why? After all, everything is fine with us. And only those who were able to go further, make new discoveries, were able to give much new things to folk culture and science. There was something new to learn. There was literally a struggle for the meanings that came from abroad. But everything that was obtained with great difficulty has become of no use to anyone today. It happened in a vicious circle, something new appeared and was immediately forgotten.”

"Silver Age" - time period

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, great discoveries took place in the field of poetry and philosophy. The “Silver Age” differs from other times in its internal wealth, or rather in what happened then. This concept is not entirely correct to apply in the scientific field, and in the field of mechanics, it is part of the way of thinking. That is, the “Silver Age” is directly related to literature and philosophy. It was during this time that the best poetry, poetry and novels were written. And Russian poets wrote them, these people were real geniuses, they were no different from the rest of the mass of scientists who were able to succeed at this time. It is also worth mentioning that even before and after the “Silver Age” there were outstanding people, they were poets. An example is Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, who made a great contribution to folk culture before the events of the Silver Age. You can also say Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov.

Outstanding poets of the “Silver Age”

All the poets who lived in the era of the “Silver Age” are known to many. They pushed oral and written folk art much further than it was. Valery Bryusov, Fyodor Sologub, Innokenty Annensky, Alexander Blok, Maximilian Voloshin, Andrey Bely, Konstantin Balmont, Anna Akhmatova, Nikolay Gumilyov, Marina Tsvetaeva, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Igor Severyanin, Boris Pasternak and Georgy Ivanov.

Report No. 2

What imprint did the Silver Age leave on the history of literary development?

Literature is one of the most important branches in the field of art. If only because, if we didn’t read all the books, we would be uneducated savages who only know how to beat each other. But this is precisely what threatens the modern generation, because many teenagers refuse to read books, giving their preference to something else. Everyone is gradually forgetting about classical literature. And it’s in vain, because real masterpieces can be found there. "Crime and Punishment", "

Fathers and Sons", "Oblomov", "War and Peace", in the end. But everything went slowly and slowly. One of the significant periods in the development of literature can easily be called the Silver Age. But why? Why was this period of time so useful? And what changed during the Silver Age?

What was the Silver Age?

As already mentioned, this is a certain period of time when Russian poetry flourished. The name of this period was given by Nikolai Berdyaev, one of the philosophers. The Silver Age began at the end of the 19th century, or more precisely, from the 80s to the 90s. At least that's what all the researchers say. However, there is still no clear opinion when the Silver Age ended. If we talk about the approximate date, then this is the beginning of the 20th century. But no one can decide on the exact year, since opinions differ. Some believe that the century ended exactly when the Civil War began. The point of view of others agrees that the Silver Age ended after the death of Alexander Blok and the execution of Nikolai Gumilyov. There is a third theory, which says that the Silver Age came to an end after the suicide of Vladimir Mayakovsky, that is, somewhere around 1920 - 1930.

Which literary trends were discovered?

1) Symbolism.

Symbolism appeared when Populism was collapsing and pessimism began to expand. Symbolism lived from 1890 to 1910. Symbolism is divided into 2 camps - senior and junior symbolists.

2) Acmeism.

This direction originated from symbolism, and it became its opposite. For representatives of Acmeism, the main thing was the materiality of the image and the accuracy of the word.

3) Imagism.

4) Futurism.

Briefly

The direction of Russian poetry of the Silver Age

This historical period at the turn of the century was perceived as nothing other than a deep crisis; the feeling of a turning point triggered in people’s minds the process of the dying of old ideas and foundations and the birth of new ones. The attitude towards such a “restart” of consciousness was ambiguous - absolutely everyone felt in themselves at the same time both the “will to live” and the “will to die.” That is why the poetry of the Silver Age is filled with tragedy, a feeling of inevitable death, and specific motives of withering and destruction. But death here is thought of not as the end, but as the beginning of a new, better life, the hopes for which were cherished by the poets of this period.

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Motives, one way or another, determine the poets’ use of mystical symbolism. Moreover, the poets shrouded almost all eternal themes in mysticism:

homeland,
creativity,
nature,
love.

The poets of the Silver Age attached considerable importance to forms, not being afraid to experiment with rhymes and words, in which they were interested in the most subtle shades of meaning and poetic possibilities, which turned out to be almost limitless in the skillful “hands” of masters.

The poetry of the Silver Age, against the backdrop of the literary heritage of previous eras, stands out not only for the special motives generated by the complex worldview of the authors, but also for the presence of many directions, the main ones among which are the following:

Symbolism;
Acmeism;
Futurism

Symbolism . Symbolism is based on the so-called “aesthetics of allusion”, according to which the poet moves away from a clear image of the material world and writes only about the associations evoked in him by certain objects. Symbolist poets were convinced that it is the symbol that acts as a means of understanding the surrounding reality, that with reason alone it is impossible to comprehend all the beauty that art brings in itself, the depiction of the subtleties of which they were focused on. Therefore, the main theme of the works of the Symbolists is religion, and the lyrical heroes are represented by images of prophets and martyrs. They also believed that art was far from the “dirt” of the world of politics and social life, so they did not touch on these topics in their work.

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Representatives of symbolism include such poets as V. Bryusov, D. Merezhkovsky, K. Balmont, Z. Gippius.

Acmeism is a movement that replaced symbolism. I would like to note that some modern philologists prefer not to distinguish this movement into a separate direction, considering it only a branch of symbolism. However, Acmeism initially appeared as a “response” of young poets to symbolism that disappointed them and differed from it in that:

the theme of religion in the poetry of Acmeism ceased to be so obsessive, the focus of attention shifted from mysticism to a description of the earthly, less sublime, not so sacred, but more close and understandable;
There is no incomprehensible mystery in the works of the Acmeists, as there was among the Symbolists. A certain mystery still remains, but upon reflection, it is quite possible to find an answer to it.

The poets who worked in the direction of Acmeism came from the famous “Workshop of Poets”, headed by N. Gumilyov and S. Gorodetsky. Among them: A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam, G. Ivanov, N. Otsup, Narbut.

Futurism - the movement has become truly avant-garde, the first of its kind in Russian literature. The main idea of the futurism program is the destruction of stereotypes and previous values that existed in literature. In addition, the futurists set themselves the task of shocking the public both with the meaning invested in the works and with the form itself, often trying to modify words in a not the most aesthetic way. Futurist poets claimed that they glorified the art of the future, and at the same time they often exalted their own “I”. The founders of the movement in Russia are considered to be members of the St. Petersburg group “Gilea”, who were the most influential, but far from the only association of futurist poets, along with “Ego”, “Mezzanine of Poetry” and others.

The most prominent representatives of the direction were: I. Severyanin, V. Mayakovsky, V. Khlebnikov, E. Guro, N. Burliuk.

Silver Age of Russian Poetry

century of Russian poetry

The phenomenon that we dubbed the “Silver Age” arose at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It covers a relatively short historical period, approximately from 1870 to 1917. It is customary to designate a special, new, compared to the previous, state of Russian poetry. The long line of names opens with the Russian religious philosopher and poet Vladimir Solovyov. In his mystical poems, he called to break free from the power of material and temporary existence to the otherworldly - the eternal and beautiful world. This idea of two worlds - “two worlds” - was deeply adopted by the entire subsequent poetic tradition. Among the writers who adopted Solovyov’s ideas, the idea of the poet as a theurgist, magician, “a seer and secret creator of life” was established. They assert in their midst a rather elitist, not accessible, “fluent language of hints, innuendo,” which has become the true language of poetry of the 20th century.

'The literature of this period is a heterogeneous, vibrant and diverse phenomenon. In it, Russian poetry has come a long way in a very short time. The theories and doctrines of various groups, schools, movements often contradicted each other, diverging from living creative skill. Just listing the names, each of which is the honor and pride of Russian literature, can take more than one page. In addition to Solovyov, these are Bryusov and Annensky, Vyach. Ivanov and Dm. Merezhkovsky, Blok and Gumilyov, Osip Mandelstam and Anna Akhmatova, Bunin and Voloshin, Sergei Yesenin, Marina Tsvetaeva, Pasternak, Mayakovsky, Khlebnikov and so on almost ad infinitum, to the inarticulate muttering of Alexei Kruchenykh, to the cubo-futurists Burdyukov. It seems that everything that could happen in poetry, that could happen in it, everything has already happened and happened in the Silver Age. It was crowded on poetic Parnassus. The Symbolists thought on the tower of Vyacheslav Ivanov: That a fallen leaf is a gift of red gold; That the look around is a crimson verse... And above the funeral brocade So the appearance of death is clear and quiet.

And the white moon blooms on the ghostly firmament - so pure!..

And, like a prayer, a burning leaf flies away from the dumb trees.

And while Balmont and Sologub were looking for inspiration in the traditions of the past century, the futurists were hooligans, the young provincials Mayakovsky and Khlebnikov were inventing tricks and amusing the people. “We will drag Pushkin by his icy mustache,” they stated their task in culture. However, they also have an abyss of talent and poetic perfection: Winging the golden veins of the thinnest veins, the Grasshopper packed the coastal belly with a lot of herbs and faiths. / Ping, ping, ping! Zizever rattled.

Oh, Lebedivo! Oh, light up! The poetry of the future is being created before the eyes of an astonished public. Words, stanzas, images arise out of nothing that could not even be imagined before. Through the efforts of hundreds of poets, they are introduced into the everyday life of culture, becoming its flesh, the imperishable silver of its genes: I fed the flock from my hand with the key Under the flapping of wings, splashing and squealing. I stretched out my arms, I stood on my toes, my sleeve rolled up, the night rubbed against my elbow.

B. Pasternak This is the only way to express the miracle of music and the miracle of a musician. The poets of the Silver Age speak absolutely modern, lively, convenient Russian. They found for him some new, unusual role. If earlier the subject of poetry was the feelings of “whispering, gentle breathing,” which was called lyrics, or the same feelings, but already directed outward, to the Motherland, to the people, which was also called lyrics, but already civil, then in the poetry of the Silver Age, poetry is aimed at herself. Its object, the subject of description, became the Russian language itself. An incredible thing happened - as if a ray of light fell on a beautiful, perfectly cut diamond. Everything lit up, began to play, and some new, hitherto unknown beauty appeared to the world - the perfection of language. The poets were stunned by the opportunity to express any secret feeling or experience on it. With a hint, a sign, and sometimes just silence, in one line to give a symbol of peace, a state of mind - to express the inexpressible. The Silver Age took full advantage of these opportunities. Thus the seeds of the future were sown. I would like to believe that the thread of legends and traditions will not be broken and the energy of radiation will not only warm our souls and nourish our minds, but will preserve itself into the next millennium.

I drink the bitterness of tuberoses, the bitterness of autumn skies And in them your burning stream of betrayals. I drink the bitterness of evenings, nights and crowded gatherings, I drink the raw bitterness of the sobbing stanza.

Boris Pasternak References

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The mastery of depicting folk life in one of the works of Russian literature of the 20th century.

Before me is an article by V. Marchenko \"Our Daily Bread\" (Literary Russia\", October 1990). I read: “Stalin’s collectivization... through the efforts of the leaders of the revolution turned the Russian (and not only Russian) peasant into a farm laborer, alienated from the land, devoid of traditions, wise comprehension of rural life... Not a single society in the entire world history, not a single state allowed itself the luxury of such hate your peasantry like ours...\" Heavy, cruel words. Similar ones are increasingly heard from the stands of congresses, in various speeches and reports.

Yes, the “great turning point” in the countryside, the “revolution from above” turned out to be unnecessary, destructive, leading to a dead end.

The causes of the tragedy and its perpetrators are mostly known, although historians still have a lot of work to do. But most people draw their idea of a particular era not from the works of scientists, but from fiction. And our descendants will judge the time of collectivization from novels and stories. I believe that this era was most vividly reflected in two works of that time: A. Platonov’s story “The Pit” and M. Sholokhov’s novel “Virgin Soil Upturned.” We will consider them further... M.A. Sholokhov’s novel “Virgin Soil Upturned” today causes a lot of controversy. This is understandable. If a writer not only justifies, but also glorifies lawlessness and violence, and declares as enemies those who worked honestly and hard, then this causes a protest from the reader. But no one will say that Mikhail Alexandrovich did not truthfully show how hard the work of a farmer is. One of the heroes of the book figuratively spoke about this fate, that “before the night, forty sweats will disappear from you, there will be blood blisters on your feet the size of a chicken egg, and at night, herd the bulls, don’t sleep: if the bull doesn’t get drunk, it won’t pull the plow.”

But for many Cossacks from the Gremyachiy Log farm, it’s easier to spend a season working for free with all their might, so long as they don’t force a collective farm on them. The author of the novel quite truthfully depicts the mood of the majority of farmers who gathered at the gathering to discuss the issue of joining the collective farm.

Russian peasants who had just received land talked about collective farms something like this: “First they gave the land, now they take it away!” And their souls ached. The Cossacks, who had always owned the land from time immemorial, especially did not want to unite. They, moreover, rightly suspected that the collective farms would be predatory. And therefore, at the meeting in Gremyachey Log, many agreed with Nikolai Lyushnya, who sensibly reasoned that “the collective farm is a voluntary matter, if you want, go, but if you want, look from the outside!” So he wants to look from the side. But it was precisely the Soviet government that did not tolerate voluntariness. Everything had already been decided for the peasants and Cossacks in Moscow, which did not believe in tears and blood, behind the Kremlin walls, how many owners and at what time would join the collective farms. And general meetings of collective farmers begin to pass resolutions on the eviction of kulak families. As the poor people of Gremyachen did the day after the murder of Khoprov, February 4.

The decision was made unanimously. And those whose conscience and pride did not allow them to live in poverty: Titok, Frol Damaskov and others - are now going to the far north to face hunger, cold and death. And with them are those whom the authorities later do not dare to call “kulaks”: Gaev, who has many children, and others like him. Dispossession was then called an “administrative measure.” It was applied to those who were considered enemies, at least nothing about it! the person did not do anything illegal. That’s why the Cossacks and women so humbly ask for forgiveness after the women’s revolt. Not because they considered themselves wrong: they wanted to take the grain that belonged to them and without which they were doomed to starvation. But because they are afraid that they will be declared “enemies” and exiled. And Davydov’s words sound not empty words, but a terrible threat: “The Bolsheviks do not take revenge, but mercilessly punish only their enemies...\” And his promise not to consider the participants in the women’s revolt “enemies” and not to apply “administrative measures” to them means a lot. "

And besides dispossession, there are also measures that “convince” that the Cossacks cannot escape the collective farm: deprivation of civil and voting rights, after which a person could be arrested at any time; declaring poor peasants "sub-kulak" if their conscience and pity awoke. Declaration of "socially dangerous" and, finally, a revolver and a cold room. Makar Nagulnov used the latter measures perfectly.

And against their will, the Cossacks go, “with tears and blood,” tearing “the umbilical cord that connected... with property, with bulls, with their native share of the land.” The strong owner Yakov Lukich Ostrovnov, who managed to disguise himself so as not to fall under dispossession, is also forced to hide among the collective farmers. Only with Polovtsev can he openly talk about the collective farm, about the poor people who now run it: “He may have been lying on the stove all his life and thinking about a sweet piece, but I ... why talk about it!” And Yakov Lukich all his life He worked his life, was interested in agricultural technology, and made a living. And now it's all down to the root! Yes, it is a terrible time when a hardworking and successful person is forced to hide. Of course, the writer paints Ostrovnov and Polovtsev with black paints. But I think there is obvious bias here. Good mental qualities have little to do with your financial status. And they are more likely to be characteristic of rich people than poor people.

In the short time that is described in the novel “Virgin Soil Upturned,” the reader clearly sees the fruits of the “great turning point.” There are no wealthy owners left in the farmstead, grain for grain procurements is knocked out by force, peasants who wanted to leave the collective farm according to the false Stalinist article “Dizziness from Success” are deprived of seed grain; Before joining the collective farm, many livestock were slaughtered, etc. And the country faces terrible famine, repression and war...

Justifying cruelty and lawlessness, Sholokhov tries to portray the matter as if an anti-Soviet uprising is being prepared on the Don. Today it is already known that most of those counter-revolutionary organizations that were so successfully “disclosed” by the GPU and the NKVD were simply invented. Most likely, the “Union for the Liberation of the Don” described in the novel did not exist, because most of the active fighters against the new government either left or were destroyed. And the rest reasoned like Nikita Khoprov: “I don’t rise up against the authorities and I don’t advise others.” But even if such an alliance existed, it could not seriously threaten party power. \"Virgin Soil Upturned\" involuntarily exposes another deception of Stalin, that dispossession is a measure taken as a defense against the terror of the kulaks, who harm collective farms in every possible way. No, the Russian people did nothing to deserve the destruction of millions of their most hard-working masters. And if there were cases of resistance somewhere, then it was the revenge of individual people! , driven to despair by robbery and violence against them and their loved ones. Such is Timofey Ragged in the novel.

The fate of "Virgin Soil Upturned" proves once again that one cannot serve an idea that calls for building happiness through cruelty. A writer is, first of all, a lover of humanity, and only then a politician. Sholokhov, fulfilling Stalin's order, seemed to justify with his talent the unheard-of outrages and lawlessness that were perpetrated against the peasantry.

I personally like the novel “Virgin Soil Upturned.” I heartily laugh at the antics and stories of Grandfather Shchukar, I worry together with Kondrat Maydannikov and other Cossacks when they “with tears and blood” tear the “umbilical cord” connecting... with property, with bulls, with their native share of the land. " I laugh at how Makar Nagulnov studies English and listens to roosters at night. I feel sorry for Davydov, who is tormented by the fact that he cannot break up with Lushka, and I admire Varya Kharlamova and her pure feeling for Davydov. I feel sorry for the handsome Timofey Rvany to tears. Real, juicy life appears from the novel.

But something prevents us from limiting our conclusions. There is nothing in this work that has always distinguished Russian literature.

Apparently, there is a lack of humanism here.

After all, in almost all the scenes in which arbitrariness is described, the author seemed to silently sympathize with the rapists. In many ways, this behavior was influenced by the environment in which the novel was written - repression, persecution, wanting to be published and not working “on the table.” He makes concessions to the government in the novel “Virgin Soil Upturned” for the publication of another, “Quiet Don”.

It is worth noting that the work describes a terrible period in the life of Russia. Only our state went towards the goal using such methods. Let's hope that this will never happen again, and our children and grandchildren will know this only from the pages of this and similar works, and not from newspapers and daily magazines.

Bibliography

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About the Silver Age

Poets and writers of the 19th century gave Russian literature a great impetus in the development: they brought it to the world level and created works that are still considered the most fundamental in the history of Russian literature.
This age was called the Golden Age; it ended by the beginning of the 20th century. However, literature itself continued to strive forward and took on more and more new forms, and the Golden Age was followed by the Silver Age. Definition 1

The Silver Age is the conventional name for a period in the development of Russian poetry, characterized by the emergence of a large number of poets and poetic movements who were looking for new poetic forms and proposing new aesthetic ideals.

The Silver Age can be safely called the heir to the Golden Age. Poets of the late 19th and early 20th centuries relied on the works of A.S. Pushkin and the poets of Pushkin’s circle, as well as the work of F.I., who wrote somewhat later. Tyutcheva, A.A. Fet and N.A. Nekrasova.

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If practically no questions arise with defining the chronological framework of the Golden Age, then the boundaries of the Silver Age still remain blurred. Most literary scholars agree that this milestone in the history of Russian poetry begins at the turn of the 80-90s of the 19th century, however, when it ends is a controversial issue. There are several points of view:

Some researchers believe that the Silver Age ended with the outbreak of the Civil War (1918);
Others believe that the Silver Age ended in 1921, when Alexander Blok and Nikolai Gumilev died;
Still others are of the opinion that the Silver Age was interrupted approximately after the death of Vladimir Mayakovsky, that is, at the turn of the 1920-1930s.

Note 1

It is important to understand that if the concept of the Golden Age applies to both poetry and prose, then when we talk about the Silver Age, we are talking exclusively about poetry. This era received the name “Silver Age” by analogy with the name of its predecessor.

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Poets of this era boldly experimented with literary forms and genres, creating absolutely unique works that have no analogues in the history of Russian literature. The work of these authors formed such directions of poetry as symbolism, futurism, acmeism, imagism and new peasant poetry. Many researchers say that the poetry of the Silver Age, in view of the historical events unfolding in Russia at that time, was characterized by an acute crisis of faith and a lack of internal harmony.

The most famous poets of the Silver Age are Anna Akhmatova, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Sergei Yesenin, Alexander Blok, Marina Tsvetaeva, Ivan Bunin.