Brief biography of Turgenev, the most important and interesting facts about the work of Ivan Sergeevich

November 9, 1818 – September 3, 1883 (64 years old)

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Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev (1818–1883) - famous Russian writer and poet, publicist and playwright, classic of Russian literature of the 19th century. Turgenev's work includes six novels, many short stories, novellas, articles, plays and poems. Among his most famous works are Mumu and Fathers and Sons.

The material was prepared jointly with a teacher of the highest category, Kuchmina Nadezhda Vladimirovna.

Experience as a teacher of Russian language and literature - 27 years.

early years

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born on October 28 (November 9), 1818 in the city of Orel. His family, both on his mother’s and father’s sides, belonged to the noble class.

Turgenev received his first education at the Spasskoye-Lutovinovo estate. The boy was taught literacy by German and French teachers. Since 1827, the family moved to Moscow. Turgenev then studied in private boarding schools in Moscow, and then at Moscow University. Without graduating, Turgenev transferred to the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University. He also studied abroad and then traveled around Europe.

AUTOBIOGRAPHY

New: Varlam Shalamov. Collection Op. in 6 vols. Volume 1.

I.S. Turgenev
Complete collection Op. in 30 vols.
T. 11

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born on October 28 (November 9) <1818> in the city of Orel from Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev and Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova - the second of three sons; the eldest of them, Nikolai, is still alive, the youngest, Sergei, died at the age of 16. Ivan Sergeevich's father served in the Elisavetgrad cuirassier regiment, stationed in Orel. Having retired with the rank of colonel, he settled on his wife’s estate, the village of Spassky-Lutovinovo, located ten miles from the city of Mtsensk, Oryol province, and in 1822 he made a trip abroad with his whole family and servants - in two carriages and a van. , during which I.S. almost died - in the Swiss city of Bern, falling from the railings surrounding the pit in which the city bears were kept; his father barely managed to grab his leg. Returning to the [village] of Spasskoye, the Turgenev family lived a village life, that noble, slow, spacious and small life, the very memory of which has almost been erased in the present generation - with the usual environment of tutors and teachers, Swiss and Germans, home-grown uncles and serfs nannies. At the beginning of 1827, the Turgenevs moved to Moscow, where they bought a house on Samotek, and in 1833, I. S., being only 15 years old, entered Moscow University, in the “literature” department, as it was called at that time . Of his former teachers, I. S. remembers with gratitude D. N. Dubensky, a teacher of the Russian language, P. N. Pogorelsky, a teacher of mathematics, and I. P. Klyushnikov, a fairly famous writer of that time, who signed his poems with the letter Θ . I.S. did not stay at Moscow University for long, only a year; listened to professors Pogodin, Pavlov, a follower of Schelling’s philosophy, who read physics on it, and next to him - old Pobedonostsev, who held students on Lomonosov’s commendable

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speeches and asking them “khria”. — In 1834, Ivan Sergeevich’s father transferred him to St. Petersburg University to live together with his older brother, who entered the Guards Artillery, and died the same year. I.S. graduated from the university in 1837 as a candidate, and in 1838 he went to complete his studies in Berlin on the steamship Nicholas I, which burned down in sight of Travemünde. The stock of information he took away from St. Petersburg University was not great: of all his professors, only P. A. Pletnev knew how to influence his listeners. In Berlin, I. S. was mainly engaged in Hegelian philosophy (with Werder), philology and history. At that time, the University of Berlin could boast of the names of Böck, Zumpt, Ranke, Ritter, Hans and many others. Dr. I.S. spent two semesters in Berlin; Granovsky and Stankevich took courses with him. In 1840, after a short stay in Russia and a trip to Italy, he returned to Berlin again and remained there for about another year, living in the same apartment with the famous M. A. Bakunin, who was not involved in politics at that time. In 1841, he returned to Russia, entered the office of the Minister of Internal Affairs under the command of V.I. Dahl in 1842, served very poorly and defectively, and retired in 1843. In the same year, he entered the literary field - he published a short poem “Parasha”, without, however, publishing his name, and met Belinsky. Over the next two years, he continued to write poetry and even short poems, which did not meet or deserve approval, and when he left abroad at the end of 1846, he decided to completely stop or change his activities; but the success of a short passage in prose entitled “Khor and Kalinich” and left by him to the editors of the newly relaunched Sovremennik magazine returned him to literary pursuits. Since then they have not stopped - and last year the fifth edition of his collected works appeared. A minor break in these studies occurred only in 1852, when, regarding the publication of his article on the death of Gogol, or, more precisely, as a result of the appearance of a separate edition of “Notes of a Hunter,” I. S. was imprisoned for a month in a police house, and then sent to live in the village, from which he returned only in 1854. Since 1861, I.S. lives mostly abroad.

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I.S. Turgenev. Autobiography // Turgenev I.S. Complete collection of works and letters in thirty volumes. M.: Nauka, 1982. T. 11. P. 203-204.

Creativity flourishes

Since 1847, at the invitation of Nekrasov, his “Modern Notes” and the first chapters of “Notes of a Hunter” (“Khor and Kalinich”) have been published in the transformed journal “Sovremennik”, which brought the author enormous success; and he began work on the rest of the hunting stories.

Work at Sovremennik brought Turgenev many interesting acquaintances; Dostoevsky, Goncharov, Ostrovsky, Fet and other famous writers were also published in the magazine.

In 1847, together with his friend Belinsky, he went abroad, where he witnessed the February revolution in France.

In the late 40s - early 50s, he was actively involved in drama, writing plays “Where it is thin, there it breaks” and “Freeloader” (both – 1848), “Bachelor” (1849), “A Month in the Country” (1850) , “Provincial Girl” (1851), which were staged on theater stages and were a success with the public.

KONSPEKTY.NET

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, a future world-famous writer, was born on November 9, 1818. Place of birth - the city of Orel, parents - nobles. He began his literary activity not with prose, but with lyrical works and poems. Poetic notes are also felt in many of his subsequent stories and novels.

It is very difficult to briefly introduce Turgenev’s work; the influence of his creations on all Russian literature of that time was too great. He is a prominent representative of the golden age in the history of Russian literature, and his fame extended far beyond Russia - abroad, in Europe the name Turgenev was also familiar to many.

Turgenev's pen includes the typical images of new literary heroes he created - serfs, superfluous people, fragile and strong women and commoners. Some of the topics he touched on more than 150 years ago are still relevant today.

If we briefly characterize Turgenev’s work, then researchers of his works conventionally distinguish three stages in it:

1836 – 1847.
1848 – 1861.
1862 – 1883.

Each of these stages has its own characteristics.

1) Stage one is the beginning of a creative path, writing romantic poems, searching for yourself as a writer and your own style in different genres - poetry, prose, drama. At the beginning of this stage, Turgenev was influenced by the philosophical school of Hegel, and his work was of a romantic and philosophical nature. In 1843, he met the famous critic Belinsky, who became his creative mentor and teacher. A little earlier, Turgenev wrote his first poem called “Parasha”.

Turgenev’s work was greatly influenced by his love for the singer Pauline Viardot, after whom he left for France for several years. It is this feeling that explains the subsequent emotionality and romanticism of his works. Also, during his life in France, Turgenev met many talented wordsmiths of this country.

The creative achievements of this period include the following works:

Poems, lyrics - “Andrey”, “Conversation”, “Landowner”, “Pop”.
Dramaturgy – plays “Carelessness” and “Lack of Money”.
Prose – stories and stories “Petushkov”, “Andrey Kolosov”, “Three Portraits”, “Breter”, “Mumu”.

The future direction of his work—works in prose—is emerging more and more clearly.

2) Stage two is the most successful and fruitful in Turgenev’s work. He enjoys the well-deserved fame that arose after the publication of the first story from “Notes of a Hunter” - the essay story “Khor and Kalinich”, published in 1847 in the Sovremennik magazine. Its success marked the beginning of five years of work on the remaining stories in the series. In the same year, 1847, when Turgenev was abroad, the following 13 stories were written.

The creation of “Notes of a Hunter” carries an important meaning in the work of the writer:

- firstly, Turgenev was one of the first Russian writers to touch upon a new topic - the topic of the peasantry, revealing their image more deeply; He portrayed the landowners in a real light, trying not to embellish or criticize without reason;

- secondly, the stories are imbued with a deep psychological meaning, the writer does not just depict a hero of a certain class, he tries to penetrate his soul, understand his way of thinking;

- thirdly, the authorities did not like these works, and for their creation Turgenev was first arrested and then sent into exile to his family estate.

Creative heritage:

Novels – “Rud”, “On the Eve” and “The Noble Nest”. The first novel was written in 1855 and was a great success among readers, and the next two further strengthened the writer’s fame.
The stories are “Asya” and “Faust”.
Several dozen stories from “Notes of a Hunter.”

3) Stage three is the time of mature and serious works of the writer, in which the writer touches on deeper issues. It was in the sixties that Turgenev’s most famous novel, “Fathers and Sons,” was written. This novel raised questions about the relationship between different generations that are still relevant today and gave rise to many literary discussions.

An interesting fact is also that at the dawn of his creative activity, Turgenev returned to where he started - to lyrics and poetry. He became interested in a special type of poetry - writing prose fragments and miniatures in lyrical form. Over the course of four years, he wrote more than 50 such works. The writer believed that such a literary form could fully express the most secret feelings, emotions and thoughts.

Works from this period:

Novels – “Fathers and Sons”, “Smoke”, “New”.
Stories - “Punin and Baburin”, “King of the Steppes Lear”, “Brigadier”.
Mystical works - “Ghosts”, “After Death”, “The Story of Lieutenant Ergunov”.

In the last years of his life, Turgenev was mainly abroad, without forgetting his homeland. His work influenced many other writers, opened up many new questions and images of heroes in Russian literature, therefore Turgenev is rightfully considered one of the most outstanding classics of Russian prose.

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Last years

In 1863 he left for Germany, where he met outstanding writers of Western Europe and promoted Russian literature. He works as an editor and consultant, himself translating from Russian into German and French and vice versa. He becomes the most popular and read Russian writer in Europe. And in 1879 he received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University.

It was thanks to the efforts of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev that the best works of Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov, Dostoevsky, and Tolstoy were translated.

In the biography of Ivan Turgenev, it is worth briefly noting that in the late 1870s and early 1880s his popularity quickly increased, both at home and abroad. And critics began to rank him among the best writers of the century.

Since 1882, the writer began to be overcome by illnesses: gout, angina pectoris, neuralgia. As a result of a painful illness (sarcoma), he died on August 22 (September 3), 1883 in Bougival (a suburb of Paris). His body was brought to St. Petersburg and buried at the Volkovsky cemetery.

IVAN SERGEEVICH TURGENEV

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev spent his childhood on his mother’s estate, Spassky-Lutovinovo, located near the city of Orel. A large, almost forty-room house with columns stood in the garden; Behind the house, a garden with luxurious flower beds and dark, shady alleys led down to the ponds. There are services near the house; buildings for the servants, of which there are about three hundred people - cooks, laundresses, carpenters, tailors, errand boys, lacemakers... Further away are cattle, horse and poultry yards. One of the columned galleries housed a large library. The estate had its own musicians, actors, and sometimes theatrical performances were given. The Turgenev estate is the same as there were many of them during serfdom, and life in it was the same as in other estates of rich landowners.

The main person in the estate was the writer’s mother Varvara Petrovna. She was very rich, she owned not only the Spasskoye estate, but also several other estates and thousands of serfs.

Willful, power-hungry, she was smart, educated, read a lot, knew several foreign languages and wrote in Russian “in an elegant style and without mistakes,” which was then a rarity for a woman.

1 House servants, servants, serfs, people - serf servants.

But, despite her intelligence and education, she was a cruel landowner-serf. She never thought about the fact that serfs are people too. It didn’t cost her anything to tear her away from her family and send a maid to a distant village in a barnyard just because she didn’t have time to wipe the dust off her table, or order all the gardeners in the stable to be flogged if it turned out by chance that someone had picked her favorite flower . There was no end to Varvara Petrovna's whims and caprices. The serf family doctor was obliged to inquire about her health every morning, keep notes and send them to two doctors in Moscow.

Children also had their own order of life. Every day at exactly ten o’clock in the morning, Fyodor Ivanovich Lobanov, a serf serf who served as Varvara Petrovna’s secretary, entered the children’s rooms. He handed the tutor a small piece of paper on which the mother’s hand had written a schedule of children’s activities and entertainment for the day. Not a single tutor dared to change this schedule without orders from itepn. Mother always knew everything - she had her own “secret police”.

At the head of this female “secret police” stood an old hanger-on woman with a shaking head. The children feared and hated her, and she slandered their mothers, and the mother often, without understanding anything, severely punished the children...

At the age of sixteen, Turgenev passed the exam brilliantly and entered the university.

Childhood is left behind, with children's games, with everything that was remembered with a cheerful and slightly sad smile. But the memory of his mother’s cruel reprisals against the peasants, of the exiled people, of the evil, gloomy glances with which the serfs often saw his mother off, fell forever as a heavy burden on his soul.

"How to live? What to do?" - thought Turgenev. And is it only his mother who treats her serfs so cruelly? Aren't all landowners in Rus' the same? And he decided to fight serfdom all his life. “This was my Hannibal oath - and I was not the only one who gave it to myself then,” he wrote.

Turgenev kept his oath. He wrote many works in which he truthfully spoke about the powerless life of the Russian people, about the difficult lot of serfs and the cruelty of landowners.

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Interesting Facts

In his youth, Turgenev was frivolous and spent a lot of his parents' money on entertainment. For this, his mother once taught him a lesson, sending him bricks in a parcel instead of money.
The writer’s personal life was not very successful. He had many affairs, but none of them ended in marriage. The greatest love in his life was the opera singer Pauline Viardot. For 38 years, Turgenev knew her and her husband Louis. He traveled all over the world for their family, living with them in different countries. Louis Viardot and Ivan Turgenev died in the same year.
Turgenev was a clean man and dressed neatly. The writer loved to work in cleanliness and order - without this he never began to create.

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