The poet's childhood
Alexander Sergeevich is the founder of Russian literary speech, enriching it with fairy tales, legends, rituals and romantic melodies.
Alexander Sergeevich was born in Moscow on June 6, 1799 in the family of a nobleman. His dad was a major, until 1817 he was a member of the Military Commissariat and retired with the rank of state councilor.
His mother was the granddaughter of the godfather of Tsar Peter I, Abram Hannibal, and the grandniece of her husband. There were 8 children in their family, but only 3 survived: Alexander, younger brother Lev and older sister Olga.
From early childhood, Alexander Sergeevich was surrounded by eminent and very educated people, such as Karamzin, Fonvizin, Batyushkov.
The father of the family constantly read the works of Voltaire to the children. However, the greatest influence on Alexander Sergeevich was his well-known nanny, Arina Rodionovna, who bewitched him with enchanted folk tales and legends.
Origin and formation
Birth and childhood
The famous writer was born on June 6, 1799, and came from an untitled noble family. His family was not rich, but noble. His mother is Nadezhda Osipovna, granddaughter of General Peter the Great, Hannibal. Maternal great-grandfather, Abram Petrovich Hannibal, was a pupil and servant of Peter I, after which he became an engineer and general.
As a child, the poet lived with his grandmother in the village of Zakharovo. Alexander Sergeevich reflected the memories of those years in his early works: “Monk”, “Bova”. Grandmother, Maria Alekseevna, said about her grandson that he is an inquisitive boy, but he studies poorly because he does not turn in his homework on time. Either you can’t stop him, or you can’t stir him up. She assigned the child a nanny from among the serf peasant women, Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva, who read him fairy tales and sang songs. The writer recalled this time with love and pleasant sadness.
Adolescence and youth
Pushkin received his education in St. Petersburg. At the age of 12 he entered the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where he studied for six years. These years were some of the most fruitful periods in his life. His development was influenced by the French poets of the 17th and 18th centuries, whom he studied since childhood in his father's library. The ancient ancient poets also influenced: Homer, Virgil. Of the Russian wordsmiths, he was impressed by Batyushkov, Zhukovsky, and Davydov.
The best teachers in Russia taught at the lyceum. There he also met outstanding peers who were destined to make their contribution to the history of Russia: Pushchin, Delvig and Kuchelbecker. Already at this time, young Alexander joined the Arzamas literary society. In 1817, the poet completed his studies. Now he is a collegiate secretary, assigned to the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, but the career of an official did not please him. Pushkin's fate assigned him a more significant place in history, and the young maximalist felt it.
The youth of Alexander Pushkin
Young Alexander Sergeevich began receiving his education at home from completely different teachers. However, at the age of 7, he independently read books in French, wrote and composed poems, and staged plays for his family.
In 1811, the young poet was sent to study at the most prestigious imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum . His work was regularly published in a local magazine. In 1815, during an exam, he read his poem “Memories of Tsarskoye Selo,” which earned the delight of Mr. Derzhavin.
In 1812, Alexander Sergeevich became a member of a closed secret society - Arzamas. The leader of the closed club was the historian Karamzin. It was thanks to him that young Alexander Sergeevich was recommended to help Neledinsky-Meletsky. Together they wrote cantatas for the wedding day of the beloved daughter of Emperor Paul I and the heir of Holland, the Prince of Orange.
In 1816, Alexander Sergeevich met Chaadaev. It was during these years that he absorbed a disgust for tyranny and usurpation; close communication with the military convinced him of the inevitability of a coup d'etat, which would be carried out with the help of young and promising military men.
Thus, a whole cycle of “hussar poems” came to light. Subsequently, many of his Decembrist friends were convicted, but Alexander Sergeevich himself escaped this fate thanks to poems written in honor of Emperor Alexander I.
Brief biography of Pushkin for 7th grade
On June 6, 1799, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was born in Moscow into a noble family.
His father (Sergei Lvovich Pushkin) was fond of poetry. Mother (Nadezhda Osipovna) had a good education and spoke excellent French. In addition, his uncle (Vasily Lvovich) was a famous poet of that time.
This environment greatly influenced the future poet.
As a child, Pushkin spent a lot of time in the village of Zakharovo near Moscow. He was looked after by his own grandmother, as well as by a nanny, Arina Rodionovna, to whom Pushkin was strongly attached. Later he wrote several works containing memories of her (“Nanny”, “Winter Evening”).
At the age of 12, Pushkin entered the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum near St. Petersburg, where he studied for the next 6 years.
It was there that he began to write his first poems, actively study literature (including French), and also met famous writers of the time who unanimously recognized his talent.
In 1814, while studying at the Lyceum, Pushkin’s poem “To a Poet Friend” was first published in the journal “Bulletin of Europe”.
A year later, at a solemn public examination, the poet read his work “Memoirs in Tsarskoe Selo” in front of famous writers and received their unanimous recognition.
In 1817, Pushkin graduated from the Lyceum and moved to St. Petersburg, where he entered the service of the College of Foreign Affairs.
During this period, the poet led an active social life, attended many events, was a member of various literary societies, and also worked on new works.
Three years later (in 1820), Pushkin’s first poem, “Ruslan and Lyudmila,” was published.
In the same year, 1820, the poet was sent into exile to the south, to the city of Chisinau, because of unacceptable poems and epigrams (including those about the emperor).
There he visited Crimea and then the Caucasus.
This trip made a strong impression on the poet, as a result of which such poems as “The Bakhchisarai Fountain”, “Prisoner of the Caucasus” and other works were born.
Four years later (in 1824), for his works and views, Pushkin was again deprived of his position and sent to another exile - to the village of Mikhailovskoye, where his mother’s estate was located. There, despite the problems and troubles, the poet continued to actively work on new works.
While Pushkin was in exile, the former Emperor Alexander I, who demoted the poet, died, and Nicholas I took the throne.
In 1826, he arranged a personal meeting with the poet. As a result of their conversation, the emperor “pardoned” Pushkin and freed him from exile.
In Moscow, the poet returns to an active social life, and at one of the evenings he meets Natalya Goncharova. According to Pushkin himself, he fell in love with her from the first meeting. However, Natalya's parents did not immediately give their consent to the marriage.
In the same year, a significant event took place in the writer’s life - the first collection of his poems was published.
In the fall of 1830, Alexander Sergeevich was forced to go to the village of Boldino, his father’s estate, to resolve some economic issues. There he works fruitfully and creates many works (“Belkin’s Tales”, “House in Kolomna”, several fairy tales). This period is called “Boldino autumn”.
In 1831, Alexander Pushkin returned to Moscow, where he married Natalya Goncharova.
In the same year, the famous novel “Eugene Onegin” was published.
In the fall of 1833, the poet again went to the village of Boldino. There he is actively working on new works (“The Bronze Horseman”). This period is sometimes called the “Second Boldino Autumn”.
In 1836, already in St. Petersburg, the poet published his own magazine “Sovremennik”.
The magazine did not gain much popularity, but in it Pushkin was able to publish his works, which were not allowed to be published. For example, the novel “The Captain's Daughter” was published anonymously in the magazine with the exclusion of some chapters.
On February 8, 1837, a duel took place in St. Petersburg on the Black River between Pushkin and Dantes. As a result, the poet was seriously wounded.
2 days later (February 10, 1837) Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin died.
Imperial service and years of exile
Upon completion of his studies at the Lyceum, Alexander Sergeevich, with the rank of collegiate secretary, entered the civil service at the Foreign Collegium of the Russian Empire.
However, he was not at all interested in public service. Alexander Sergeevich loved noisy, cheerful companies of young officers, cheerful feasts with copious amounts of drinking, and playing cards until dawn. He was no longer a member of secret organizations; newspapers and magazines regularly published his poems.
He worked hard to bring “Ruslan and Lyudmila” to life. But he is credited with composing a great many sharp epigrams addressed to the Tsar, which were distributed among the officers.
In 1820, they intended to send Alexander Sergeevich into exile in Siberia. However, a strong friendship with Karamzin saved the writer. He was sent to the city of Ekaterinoslav , a little later to the Caucasus, then Crimea, Odessa and Chisinau. It was during these years that he began writing Eugene Onegin.
In 1824, he was fired from his government job and sent to his personal estate, Mikhailovskoye. A quiet rural life did Pushkin good. He wrote many poems, such as: “To Davydov”, “To Vorontsov”, the poem “Gypsies”.
Pushkin did not participate . Perhaps Alexander Sergeevich did not even know the exact day of the uprising. There is a version that he was deliberately not informed in order to protect his talent for the benefit of his homeland.
In 1826, Emperor Nicholas I, at a personal audience, allowed Pushkin to return to Moscow, removed censorship from him and allowed him to publish his works in magazines, but only with his imperial permission.
Over time, the supervision of the authorities began to weigh on Alexander Sergeevich and he decided to move with his family to St. Petersburg. There he was elected a member of the Russian Academy and his magazine “Sovremennik” began to be published. However, his family's finances were very constraining.
Biography of Sergei Menyailo
TASS DOSSIER. On September 19, 2021, deputies of the parliament of North Ossetia-Alania elected Sergei Menyailo, acting head of the region, as head of the republic. 57 deputies of the local parliament voted for his candidacy.
Sergei Ivanovich Menyailo was born on August 22, 1960 in Alagir, North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (now the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania).
In 1983 he graduated from the navigation department of the Caspian Higher Naval Red Banner School named after. S. M. Kirov (now the Azerbaijan Higher Naval School) with a degree in engineer-navigator, in 1995 - the Naval Academy named after. Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N.G. Kuznetsov, in 2004 - the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
Since 1983, he served in the Kola flotilla of heterogeneous forces of the Northern Fleet as commander of the BC-1 (navigation combat unit) of the base minesweeper. Since 1986, he was the commander of the base minesweeper BT-22, and since 1991, the naval minesweeper Rear Admiral Vlasov.
Since 1995, he served in the Caspian Flotilla as chief of staff of the 106th brigade of water area security ships (Kaspiysk, Dagestan), since 1998 - commander of the 73rd brigade of water area protection ships (Astrakhan).
In June 2004, he was appointed chief of staff, and in September 2005, commander of the Novorossiysk naval base of the Black Sea Fleet.
In August 2008, during the Russian armed forces' operation to force Georgia to peace, he took part in a naval landing operation. Commanded a naval group in the combat area.
From May 30, 2009 to December 22, 2011 - Deputy Commander of the Black Sea Fleet.
In April 2010, he was one of three candidates for the post of head of North Ossetia proposed to Russian President Dmitry Medvedev by the United Russia party. However, he was not presented by the president to the parliament of the republic to vest powers as the head of North Ossetia (Taimuraz Mamsurov became the head of the republic).
On December 22, 2011, he was discharged from military service and transferred to the reserve.
At the beginning of 2014, during the political crisis in Ukraine, Sergei Menyailo participated in the formation of self-defense units in Crimea. In March 2014, after the reunification of Crimea and Sevastopol with Russia, he headed the state enterprise “Crimean Sea Ports”, into whose ownership the property of all the ports of the republic was transferred.
On April 14, 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree appointing Sergei Menyailo as acting governor of Sevastopol. His candidacy was proposed to the president for consideration by the then current head of Sevastopol, Alexei Chaly, who wrote a letter of resignation.
On May 15, 2014, Sergei Menyailo joined the regional headquarters of the All-Russian Popular Front.
On September 14, 2014, he participated in the elections of deputies to the Legislative Assembly of Sevastopol of the 1st convocation on the list of the regional branch of the United Russia party. He ran under the second number of the general part of the list after Alexey Chaly. After the elections, he refused his deputy mandate.
On September 17, 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin submitted three candidates for the post of governor to the Legislative Assembly of Sevastopol: Sergei Menyailo (United Russia), First Secretary of the Sevastopol City Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation Vasily Parkhomenko and former commander of the Black Sea Fleet Marine Corps Oleg Roslyakov (LDPR).
On October 9, 2014, Sergei Menyailo was elected governor of Sevastopol: 21 out of 24 deputies voted for him, three ballots were declared invalid. On the same day, he took up his duties as mayor of the city for a period of five years. At the same time he headed the government of Sevastopol.
On July 28, 2021, by decree of the head of state, Sergei Menyailo was relieved of his post as governor and appointed plenipotentiary representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Siberian Federal District (reappointed on June 26, 2021). Nikolai Rogozhkin was replaced as plenipotentiary representative.
From August 12, 2021 to August 2, 2021 - member of the Security Council of the Russian Federation.
On April 9, 2021, by decree of Russian President Vladimir Putin, Sergei Menyailo was appointed acting head of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. Replaced Vyacheslav Bitarov.
On August 30, 2021, the head of state submitted three candidates to the parliament of North Ossetia for the position of head of the region. According to the constitution of the republic, the head of North Ossetia is elected by deputies of the People's Assembly from among the candidates proposed by the President of the Russian Federation. The list of candidates included: acting head of North Ossetia Sergei Menyailo (United Russia), chairman of the republican committee on budget, taxes, property and credit organizations Valery Balikoev (Patriots of Russia) and deputy chairman of the local legislative assembly committee on legislation, legality and local self-government of Medea Eldzarov (Communist Party of the Russian Federation).
Member of the Russian Presidential Council for Strategic Development and National Projects (since July 2021).
The amount of declared income for 2021 amounted to 16 million 69 thousand rubles, spouses - 562 thousand rubles.
Vice Admiral (2007).
Awarded the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, IV degree with swords (2008), Alexander Nevsky (2014), Honor (2021), “For Military Merit” (2000), medal “For Military Merit” (1990), personalized firearms - 9-mm Makarov pistol (2006), personalized naval dagger, etc.
Family life and death of the poet
Natalia Goncharova in 1829 , but the proposal made to her was rejected by the girl’s mother. Almost a year later, the poet was able to achieve a positive response.
However, due to the cholera epidemic, the wedding was postponed for 3 long months, which the inspired poet spent very productively, composing more than 30 poems. They had 4 children, two boys and the same number girls.
The feud with the imperial court haunted the poet’s family happiness. The death of his mother was a great grief, and the enmity with Dantes, motivated by jealousy of his wife , only aggravated the situation.
On January 27, 1837, a duel took place between them. The enemies met on the bank of the river, Dantes fired first. The bullet hit the stomach and caused severe bleeding. There was a retaliatory strike, but the injury was minor.
For two days, 8 of the best doctors saved Pushkin’s life. All the time he remained in a clear consciousness, feeling his imminent death, he finished all his affairs. 2 On January 9, 1837, the poet died and was buried secretly (to avoid protests) on the territory of the Svyatogorsk Monastery cemetery.
