early years
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born on October 28 (November 9), 1818 in the city of Orel. His family, both on his mother’s and father’s sides, belonged to the noble class.
The first education in Turgenev’s biography was received at the Spassky-Lutovinovo estate. The boy was taught literacy by German and French teachers. Since 1827, the family moved to Moscow. Turgenev then studied in private boarding schools in Moscow, and then at Moscow University. Without graduating, Turgenev transferred to the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University. He also studied abroad and then traveled around Europe.
Literature. 6th grade (part 1) Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev
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| Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev 1817—1883 Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev on his father’s side belonged to an old noble family - the names of his ancestors were found in descriptions of historical events since the time of Ivan the Terrible. During the Time of Troubles, one of the Turgenevs, Pyotr Nikitich, was executed at Execution Ground for denouncing False Dmitry. The writer's father began serving in a cavalry regiment and by the time he met his future wife he held the rank of lieutenant. Mother is a wealthy landowner, owner of the Spasskoye estate in Mtsensk district, Oryol province. All management of the Spasskoye estate was in the hands of Varvara Petrovna’s mother. Around the spacious two-story manor house, built in the shape of a horseshoe, gardens were laid out, greenhouses and hotbeds were built. The alleys formed the Roman numeral XIX, denoting the century in which Spassky arose. The boy began to notice early on that everything around him was subject to the arbitrariness and whims of the mistress of the estate. This awareness darkened the love for Spassky and his nature. Childhood and youthful memories of life in Spassky sank deeply into Turgenev’s soul and were later reflected in his stories. “My biography,” he once said, “is in my works.” Certain character traits of Varvara Petrovna can be discerned in the images of some of Turgenev’s heroines (“Mumu”). The home library had many books in Russian, English, and German, but most of the books were in French. There were always some misunderstandings with tutors and home teachers. They were changed frequently. The future writer was interested in nature, hunting, and fishing. But now the time has come to part with Spassky for a long time. The Turgenevs decided to move to Moscow to prepare their children for entering educational institutions. We bought a house on Samotyok. At first, the children were placed in a boarding school, after leaving it they again began diligent studies with teachers: preparations were underway for entering the University. As a result, teachers noted the high level of development of adolescents. The father in his letters encourages his sons to write more letters in Russian, rather than in French and German. Turgenev was not yet fifteen years old when he submitted an application to Moscow University, to the literature department. The beginning of the 1830s was marked by the stay at the University of such wonderful people as Belinsky, Lermontov, Goncharov, Turgenev and others. But the future writer studied there for only a year. His parents moved to St. Petersburg, and he transferred to the philological department of the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University. Soon Turgenev began writing a dramatic poem. He wrote short poems back in Moscow. In the first year of his life in St. Petersburg, he met with Zhukovsky, he became close to Professor P. A. Pletnev, and Granovsky. A.S. Pushkin became the idol of his friends. Turgenev was not yet eighteen years old when his first work appeared. To complete his education, he goes to the University of Berlin. German professors were amazed by the unquenchable thirst for knowledge among Russian students, the willingness to sacrifice everything to the truth, and the thirst for activity for the good of their homeland. At the beginning of December 1842, Turgenev returned from abroad to St. Petersburg. He devotes himself to creative work with redoubled effort. * * * According to N. Bogoslovsky * * * Questions and tasks
“Bezhin Meadow” yesterday and today Fedya, Pavlusha, Ilyusha, Kostya and Vanya are five boys who guarded a herd at night near the Snezhed River on Bezhin Meadow and whom, after the first reading of the story in childhood, we remember for the rest of our lives. Much is changing on earth, but it seems that what is depicted by Turgenev in this story will never disappear. “Bezhin Meadow” pays special attention to nature. Because in a special way, more sensitively and spiritually, it is perceived by five little heroes, for whom life is just beginning to reveal its fabulous beauty. The story is dedicated to the peasant boys of an old fortress village in the mid-19th century. However, the century and a half that separates us from that time could not erase the amazing liveliness of this work. Reading it, as if in reality you admire the boys - each of them is a character, each has a unique soul... You admire the July day depicted at the beginning of the story... You admire the beautiful summer night... You become a witness of the emerging morning, you feel the cheerful, prophetic meaning that the writer put into the final picture - a picture of dawn... “Bezhin Meadow” opened the middle of the last (XIX. - Ed.) century to Russian readers and now opens to us the poetry of childhood. Soon after Turgenev, Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy will write a story, which he will call “Childhood” - and in which he will give an in-depth analysis of this time in a person’s life. But Turgenev had a special flavor in his stories about boys - primarily because they were peasant boys. Lgov or Spassky-Luto-Vinov, and the surrounding fields, groves, villages help us to be mentally transported to that distant, Turgenev time, to more vividly imagine Turgenev himself, and those people with whom he met, whom he knew well, whom he loved, with with which he was bound by friendship. "Mid-Century"1 Notes 1Igor Smolnikov writes in the notes to this unique and interesting book: “Perhaps the meadow was named after the Bezhin landowners, who lived nearby in the 18th century... There is also the following assumption: The meadow was named Bezhin because people who fled from oppression gathered in a camp on it tsarist authorities to the south, to the free Don. This could have happened under Boris Godunov or even earlier, under Ivan the Terrible.”
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The beginning of a literary journey
While studying in his third year at the institute, in 1834 Turgenev wrote his first poem called “Wall”. And in 1838, his first two poems were published: “Evening” and “To the Venus of Medicine.”
In 1841, having returned to Russia, he was engaged in scientific activities, wrote a dissertation and received a master's degree in philology. Then, when the craving for science cooled, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev served as an official in the Ministry of Internal Affairs until 1844.
In 1843, Turgenev met Belinsky, they struck up a friendly relationship. Under the influence of Belinsky, new poems by Turgenev, poems, stories were created and published, including: “Parasha”, “Pop”, “Breter” and “Three Portraits”.
Creativity flourishes
Since 1847, at the invitation of Nekrasov, his “Modern Notes” and the first chapters of “Notes of a Hunter” (“Khor and Kalinich”) were published in the transformed magazine “Sovremennik”, which brought the author enormous success, and he began work on other stories about hunting .
Work at Sovremennik brought Turgenev many interesting acquaintances; Dostoevsky, Goncharov, Ostrovsky, Fet and other famous writers were also published in the magazine.
In 1847, together with his friend Belinsky, he went abroad, where he witnessed the February revolution in France.
In the late 40s - early 50s, he was actively involved in drama, writing plays “Where it is thin, there it breaks” and “Freeloader” (both 1848), “Bachelor” (1849), “A Month in the Country” (1850) , “Provincial Girl” (1851), which were staged on theater stages and were a success with the public.
Turgenev translated the works of Byron and Shakespeare into Russian, from them he learned the mastery of literary techniques.
In August 1852, one of Turgenev’s most important books, “Notes of a Hunter,” was published.
After Gogol’s death, Turgenev wrote an obituary, for which Ivan Sergeevich was sent into exile in his native village for two years. There is an opinion that the true reason for the exile was the radical views of the writer, as well as the sympathetic attitude towards the serfs, which he expressed in his work.
During his exile, Turgenev wrote the story “Mumu” (1852). Then, after the death of Nicholas I, Turgenev’s most famous works appeared in print: “Rudin” (1856), “The Noble Nest” (1859), “On the Eve” (1860) and “Fathers and Sons” (1862).
Other famous works of the writer include: the novels “Smoke” (1867) and “Nov” (1877), novels and short stories “The Diary of an Extra Man” (1849), “Bezhin Meadow” (1851), “Asya” (1858), “Spring Waters” (1872) and many others.
In the fall of 1855, Turgenev met Leo Tolstoy, who soon published the story “Cutting the Forest” with a dedication to I. S. Turgenev.
Detailed biography of Turgenev. Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich - Biography
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev (October 28, 1818, Orel, Russian Empire - August 22, 1883, Bougival, France) - Russian realist writer, poet, publicist, playwright, translator; Corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of Russian language and literature (1860), honorary doctor of the University of Oxford (1879). One of the classics of Russian literature who made the most significant contribution to its development in the second half of the 19th century.
The artistic system he created influenced the poetics of not only Russian, but also Western European novels of the second half of the 19th century. Ivan Turgenev was the first in Russian literature to begin to study the personality of the “new man” - the sixties, his moral qualities and psychological characteristics, thanks to him the term “nihilist” began to be widely used in the Russian language. He was a promoter of Russian literature and drama in the West.
The study of the works of I. S. Turgenev is a mandatory part of general education school programs in Russia. The most famous works are the cycle of stories “Notes of a Hunter”, the story “Mumu”, the story “Asya”, the novels “The Noble Nest”, “Fathers and Sons”.
Origin and early years
The family of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev came from an ancient family of Tula nobles, the Turgenevs. In a memorial book, the mother of the future writer wrote: “On October 28, 1818, on Monday, a son, Ivan, 12 inches tall, was born in Orel, in his house, at 12 o’clock in the morning. Baptized on the 4th of November, Feodor Semenovich Uvarov with his sister Fedosya Nikolaevna Teplova.”
Ivan's father Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev (1793-1834) served at that time in a cavalry regiment. The carefree lifestyle of the handsome cavalry guard upset his finances, and to improve his position, in 1816 he entered into a marriage of convenience with the middle-aged, unattractive, but very wealthy Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova (1787-1850). In 1821, my father retired with the rank of colonel of a cuirassier regiment. Ivan was the second son in the family. The mother of the future writer, Varvara Petrovna, came from a wealthy noble family. Her marriage to Sergei Nikolaevich was not happy. The father died in 1834, leaving three sons - Nikolai, Ivan and Sergei, who died early from epilepsy. The mother was a domineering and despotic woman. She herself lost her father at an early age, suffered from the cruel attitude of her mother (whom her grandson later portrayed as an old woman in the essay “Death”), and from a violent, drinking stepfather, who often beat her. Due to constant beatings and humiliation, she later fled to her uncle, after whose death she became the owner of a magnificent estate and 5,000 souls.
Fictionalized biography of Turgenev. In addition to telling the story of the classic’s life, Zaitsev also tries to analyze his work and reconstruct his worldview. Zaitsev turned to the work and personality of Turgenev throughout his life and wrote about twenty essays, articles, and notes about him. The first of these publications - “About Turgenev” (under it is the date: September 7, 1918) - appeared in the collection “Turgenev and His Time”. M., Pg., 1923; republication by A.D. Romanenko in the book: Zaitsev B.K. Blue Star. M: Moscow. worker, 1989. In the article, Zaitsev writes about what attracted him, what he saw as close, akin to the work of the Russian classic: “Turgenev remained and remains in the first row of our literature as an image of calm and melancholy, contemplative balance and measure, without strong passions, the appearance supportive and pleasing - with grace, deep spiritual upbringing; feminine and somewhat hazy. His area of influence is mainly his youth. Everyone, it seems, must go through Turgenev. And the one who wrote these lines is glad that Turgenev illuminated his adolescence and youth (early). He owes him the first artistic excitement, the first dreams and yearnings, perhaps the first “I will shed tears over fiction.” This feeling for Turgenev, as for “my own”, “native”, did not leave and subsequently withstood the Sturm und Drang of modernism and remained with calm love in his mature years.” As the American researcher Ariadna Shilyaeva writes, “Boris Zaitsev made a valuable contribution to the genre of creative biographies in Russian literature: his fictionalized biographies are a rare harmonious combination of cognitive and aesthetic categories... Like a true artist, Boris Zaitsev sought to capture the leitmotif of the life of each of these writers and enshrined it in the word: in “The Life of Turgenev” - this is the worship of the “eternally feminine” , in “Zhukovsky” - following the call “Most especially seek the Kingdom of God” and in “Chekhov” - the unconscious Christian disposition of the writer’s soul. The dominant feature of each of these biographies is a documented disclosure of the spiritual world of the heroes, a creative recreation of their individual uniqueness. At the same time, a kind of pattern is indicated: the higher the degree of internal relatedness of the author to the chosen hero, the brighter the figurative recreation of this hero and the artistry of the solution to the creative problem. Therefore, we find the greatest completeness in the creative implementation of the author’s plan in the biography of Zhukovsky, then in “The Life of Turgenev” and, to a large extent, in “Chekhov”” (Shilyaeva A. Boris Zaitsev and his fictionalized biographies. New York: Volga, 1971. P. 163–164).
Last years
In 1863 he went to Germany, where he met outstanding writers of Western Europe and promoted Russian literature. He works as an editor and consultant, himself translating from Russian into German and French and vice versa. He becomes the most popular and read Russian writer in Europe. And in 1879 he received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University.
It was thanks to the efforts of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev that the best works of Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov, Dostoevsky, and Tolstoy were translated.
It is worth briefly noting that in the biography of Ivan Turgenev in the late 1870s - early 1880s, his popularity quickly increased, both at home and abroad. And critics began to rank him among the best writers of the century.
Since 1882, the writer began to be overcome by illnesses: gout, angina pectoris, neuralgia. As a result of a painful illness (sarcoma), he died on August 22 (September 3), 1883 in Bougival (a suburb of Paris). His body was brought to St. Petersburg and buried at the Volkovsky cemetery.
Biography of I. S. Turgenev
Russian writers of the 19th centuryIvan Sergeevich Turgenev on his father’s side belonged to an old noble family - the names of his ancestors were found in descriptions of historical events since the time of Ivan the Terrible.
During the Time of Troubles, one of the Turgenevs, Pyotr Nikitich, was executed at Execution Ground for denouncing False Dmitry.
The writer's father began serving in a cavalry regiment and by the time he met his future wife he held the rank of lieutenant. Mother is a wealthy landowner, owner of the Spasskoye estate in Mtsensk district, Oryol province.
All management of the Spasskoye estate was in the hands of Varvara Petrovna’s mother. Around the spacious two-story manor house, built in the shape of a horseshoe, gardens were laid out, greenhouses and hotbeds were built. The alleys formed the Roman numeral XIX, denoting the century in which Spassky arose. The boy began to notice early on that everything around him was subject to the arbitrariness and whims of the mistress of the estate. This awareness darkened the love for Spassky and his nature.
Childhood and youthful memories of life in Spassky sank deeply into Turgenev’s soul and were later reflected in his stories. “My biography,” he once said, “is in my works.” Certain character traits of Varvara Petrovna can be discerned in the images of some of Turgenev’s heroines (“Mumu”).
The home library had many books in Russian, English, and German, but most of the books were in French.
There were always some misunderstandings with tutors and home teachers. They were changed frequently. The future writer was interested in nature, hunting, and fishing.
But now the time has come to part with Spassky for a long time. The Turgenevs decided to move to Moscow to prepare their children for entering educational institutions. We bought a house on Samotyok. At first, the children were placed in a boarding school, after leaving it they again began diligent studies with teachers: preparations were underway for entering the University. As a result, teachers noted the high level of development of adolescents. The father in his letters encourages his sons to write more letters in Russian, rather than in French and German. Turgenev was not yet fifteen years old when he submitted an application to Moscow University, to the literature department.
The beginning of the 1830s was marked by the stay at the University of such wonderful people as Belinsky, Lermontov, Goncharov, Turgenev and others. But the future writer studied there for only a year. His parents moved to St. Petersburg, and he transferred to the philological department of the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University. Soon Turgenev began writing a dramatic poem. He wrote short poems back in Moscow. In the first year of his life in St. Petersburg, he met with Zhukovsky, he became close to Professor P. A. Pletnev, and Granovsky. A.S. Pushkin became the idol of his friends. Turgenev was not yet eighteen years old when his first work appeared.
To complete his education, he goes to the University of Berlin. German professors were amazed by the unquenchable thirst for knowledge among Russian students, the willingness to sacrifice everything to the truth, and the thirst for activity for the good of their homeland. At the beginning of December 1842, Turgenev returned from abroad to St. Petersburg. He devotes himself to creative work with redoubled effort.
According to N. Bogoslovsky
Test yourself
1. What new did you learn about I. S. Turgenev from the article prepared based on the materials of N. Bogoslovsky’s book “Turgenev”?
2. Using biographical dictionaries “Russian Writers” and Internet resources, prepare an oral report about the writer’s life path.
Interesting Facts
- In his youth, Turgenev was frivolous and spent a lot of his parents' money on entertainment. For this, his mother once taught him a lesson, sending him bricks in a parcel instead of money.
- The writer’s personal life was not very successful. He had many affairs, but none of them ended in marriage. The greatest love in his life was the opera singer Pauline Viardot. For 38 years, Turgenev knew her and her husband Louis. He traveled all over the world for their family, living with them in different countries. Louis Viardot and Ivan Turgenev died in the same year.
- Turgenev was a clean man and dressed neatly. The writer loved to work in cleanliness and order - without this he never began to create.
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