The morality of the “new people” and the love relationships between them in the novel by N. G. Chernyshevsky “What is to be done?”

“New people” in Nikolai Chernyshevsky’s novel “What is to be done?”

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“New people” in Nikolai Chernyshevsky’s novel “What is to be done?” Chernyshevsky’s novel “What to do?” is a work of art, represents a “mental experiment” of the author, who seeks to understand the possible development of those situations, conflicts, types of personalities and principles of their behavior that have already developed in modern life. Chernyshevsky sees the task of his work as showing how positive ideals, far from the reality of dreams, gradually move into the sphere of real, practical activity, accessible to ordinary people, people of a new type. After all, the novel itself is not just called “What is to be done?”, but has a special subtitle: “Stories about new people.” New people become, according to Chernyshevsky, a phenomenon of everyday life. Now ideals are moving from the sphere of dreams to the sphere of practical life, and life accessible to ordinary people. Therefore, the author himself bases the plot of the novel on the example of the life of an ordinary woman. New people are significantly different from the nihilist Bazarov. The main character of “Fathers and Sons” considered his main task to be “clearing the place.” Chernyshevsky, against the backdrop of the controversy developing around Turgenev’s novel, poses a qualitatively new task: to show that new people build, and not just destroy, i.e. show not the destructive, but the creative role of new people. The theory of rational egoism, or the theory of calculation of benefits, proclaimed and put into practice by new people, is also essentially new. Chernyshevsky does not question the rationality of a person, saying that a person can fully rationally calculate his egoistic path to happiness. Calculating one's own benefit, according to the author of the novel, also involves a certain respectful attitude towards other people: “In order for people to enjoy the happiness of love, they must be surrounded by equally happy people.” Thus, the theory of rational egoism is manifested by the theory of revolutionary altruism. An example of reasonable egoism is the reasoning of Lopukhov, who foresaw the need for himself to “leave the stage” when he saw that Vera Pavlovna and Kirsanov loved each other: “It’s unpleasant for me to lose a friend; and then - it’s time for me to go underground.” Lopukhov's actions show that the moral level of new people is very high. And Vera Pavlovna herself calms down only when Lopukhov becomes completely happy. By creating images of “ordinary new people” in his work, Chernyshevsky shows that personal freedom does not mean a reduction in moral requirements for oneself and the people around him, but, on the contrary, gives a person the opportunity to reveal his mental and creative potential most fully and brightly.

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Essay New people in “What to do?”

What distinguishes “new people” from “vulgar” ones, such as Marya Aleksevna? A new understanding of human “benefit”, natural, unperverted, corresponding to human nature. For Marya Aleksevna, it is beneficial that she satisfies her narrow, “unreasonable” petty-bourgeois egoism. New people see their “benefit” in something else: in the social significance of their work, in the pleasure of doing good to others, in bringing benefit to others - in “reasonable egoism.” The morality of the new people is revolutionary in its deep, inner essence; it completely denies and destroys the officially recognized morality, on the foundations of which Chernyshevsky’s contemporary society rests - the morality of sacrifice and duty. Lopukhov says that “the victim is soft-boiled boots.” All actions, all deeds of a person are only truly viable when they are performed not under compulsion, but according to internal attraction, when they are consistent with desires and beliefs. Everything that is done in society under duress, under the pressure of duty, ultimately turns out to be inferior and stillborn. Such, for example, is the noble reform “from above” - the “sacrifice” brought by the upper class to the people. The morality of new people frees up the creative possibilities of the human personality, joyfully realizing the true needs of human nature, based, according to Chernyshevsky, on the “instinct of social solidarity.” In accordance with this instinct, Lopukhov enjoys doing science, and Vera Pavlovna enjoys working with people and running sewing workshops on reasonable and fair socialist principles. New people are solving love problems and problems of family relationships that are fatal to humanity in a new way. Chernyshevsky is convinced that the main source of intimate dramas is inequality between men and women, a woman’s dependence on a man. Emancipation, Chernyshevsky hopes, will significantly change the very nature of love. A woman’s excessive concentration on love feelings will disappear. Her participation on an equal basis with a man in public affairs will remove drama in love relationships, and at the same time destroy the feeling of jealousy as purely selfish in nature. New people resolve the most dramatic conflict in human relationships, the love triangle, differently, less painfully. Pushkin’s “how God grant your beloved one to be different” becomes for them not an exception, but an everyday norm of life. Lopukhov, having learned about Vera Pavlovna’s love for Kirsanov, voluntarily gives way to his friend, leaving the stage. Moreover, on Lopukhov’s part this is not a sacrifice - but “the most profitable benefit.” Ultimately, having made a “calculation of benefits,” he experiences a joyful feeling of satisfaction from an act that brings happiness not only to Kirsanov and Vera Pavlovna, but also to himself. Of course, the spirit of utopia emanates from the pages of the novel. Chernyshevsky has to explain to the reader how Lopukhov’s “reasonable egoism” did not suffer from the decision he made. The writer clearly overestimates the role of the mind in all human actions and actions. Lopukhov’s reasoning smacks of rationalism and rationality; the introspection he carries out gives the reader a feeling of some thoughtfulness, implausibility of a person’s behavior in the situation in which Lopukhov found himself. Finally, one cannot help but notice that Chernyshevsky makes the decision easier by the fact that Lopukhov and Vera Pavlovna do not yet have a real family, no child. Many years later, in the novel Anna Karenina, Tolstoy will rebut Chernyshevsky about the tragic fate of the main character, and in War and Peace he will challenge the excessive enthusiasm of revolutionary democrats for the ideas of women's emancipation. N” one way or another, and in the theory of “reasonable egoism” of Chernyshevsky’s heroes there is an undeniable appeal and an obvious rational grain, especially important for the Russian people, who for centuries lived under the strong pressure of autocratic statehood, which restrained initiative and sometimes extinguished the creative impulses of the human personality. The morality of Chernyshevsky’s heroes, in a certain sense, has not lost its relevance in our times, when society’s efforts are aimed at awakening a person from moral apathy and lack of initiative, at overcoming dead formalism.

“New people in “What is to be done?””

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"New people!" in the novel by N. G. Chernyshevsky “What to do?”

N. G. Chernyshevsky wrote his novel “What is to be done?” while imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. In this novel, he wrote about “new people” who had just appeared in the country.

In the novel “What is to be done?”, in its entire figurative system, Chernyshevsky tried to present in living heroes, in life situations, those standards that, as he believed, should be the main measure of public morality. In their statement, Chernyshevsky saw the high purpose of art.

Heroes "What to do?" - “special people”, “new people”: Lopukhov, Kirsanov, Vera Pavlovna. Their so-called rational egoism is the result of a conscious sense of purpose, the conviction that an individual can only feel good in a rationally structured society, among people who also feel good. These rules, as we know, were adhered to by Chernyshevsky himself in life; they are followed by the “new people” - the heroes of his novel.

“New people” do not sin and do not repent. They always think and therefore only make errors in calculations, and then correct these errors and avoid them in subsequent calculations. Among the “new people”, goodness and truth, honesty and knowledge, character and intelligence turn out to be identical concepts; The smarter a person is, the more honest he is, because he makes fewer mistakes. “New people” never demand anything from others; they themselves need complete freedom of feelings, thoughts and actions, and therefore they deeply respect this freedom in others. They accept from each other what is given - I do not say voluntarily, this is not enough, but with joy, with complete and living pleasure.

Lopukhov, Kirsanov and Vera Pavlovna, who appear in the novel “What to do?” the main representatives of the new type of people, do not do anything that would exceed ordinary human capabilities. They are ordinary people, and the author himself recognizes them as such people; This circumstance is extremely important, and it gives the entire novel a particularly deep meaning. Describing Lopukhov, Kirsanov and Vera Pavlovna, the author states: this is how ordinary people can be, and this is how they should be if they want to find a lot of happiness and pleasure in life. Wishing

To prove to readers that they are truly ordinary people, the author brings onto the stage the titanic figure of Rakhmetov, whom he himself recognizes as extraordinary and calls him “special.” Rakhmetov does not participate in the action of the novel, and he has nothing to do in it. People like him are necessary only then and there, when and where they can be historical figures. Neither science nor family happiness satisfies them. They love all people, suffer from every injustice that occurs, experience in their own souls the great grief of millions and give everything they can give to heal this grief. Chernyshevsky’s attempt to introduce a special person to readers can be called successful. Before him, Turgenev took on this matter, but completely unsuccessfully.

Chernyshevsky’s “new people” are the children of city officials and townspeople. They work, study natural sciences, and began to make their way in life early. Therefore, they understand working people and take the path of transforming their lives. They are engaged in work that is necessary for the people, abandoning all the benefits that private practice could give them. Before us is a whole group of like-minded people. The basis of their activity is propaganda. Kirsanov’s student circle is one of the most effective. Young revolutionaries are educated here, the personality of a “special person”, a professional revolutionary, is formed here.

Chernyshevsky also touches on the problem of women's emancipation. Having escaped from her parents' house, Vera Pavlovna frees other women. She creates a workshop where she helps poor girls find their place in life. Chernyshevsky thus wants to show what needs to be transferred from the future to the present. These include new labor relations, fair wages, and the combination of mental and physical work.

Thus, Russian literature, like a mirror, reflected the emergence of “new people”, new trends in the development of society. At the same time, literary heroes became models for worship and imitation. And the social literary utopia “What to do?” in the part that talks about the fair organization of labor and remuneration for labor, it became a guiding star for several generations of Russian revolutionaries.

Essay on the topic of new people in Chernyshevsky’s novel, what to do

CLASSICS N. G. CHERNYSHEVSKY “NEW PEOPLE” IN N. G. CHERNYSHEVSKY’S NOVEL “WHAT TO DO?” Kind and strong, honest and skillful, you recently began to appear among us, but there are already many of you and the number is quickly growing. N. G. Chernyshevsky “New People”, which Chernyshevsky wrote about in his novel, were representatives of a new phase in the development of society of that time. The world of these people was formed in the struggle against the old regime, which had outlived its usefulness, but continued to dominate. The heroes of the novel at almost every step encountered difficulties and adversities of the old order and overcame them. The “new people” in the work are commoners. They were determined, had a goal in life, knew what they should do, and were united by common ideas and aspirations. “Their main desire is for the people to be free, happy, and live in contentment.” The “new people” believed in their people, saw them as decisive, powerful, and capable of fighting. But in order for him to achieve his goal, he must be taught, inspired and united. The commoners, who are the heroes of Chernyshevsky’s novel, have a developed sense of self-esteem, pride, and the ability to stand up for themselves. The author writes: “Each of them is a courageous person, who does not hesitate, who does not yield, who knows how to take up a task, and if he takes it up, he grasps it tightly, so that it does not slip out of his hands. This is one side of their properties; on the other hand, each of them is a person of impeccable honesty, such that the question does not even occur to you, can you rely on this person in everything, unconditionally? This is as clear as the fact that he is breathing through his chest; as long as this chest breathes, it is hot and unchanging, feel free to lay your head on it...” Chernyshevsky was able to show their common, typical features, but also the characteristics of each of them. Lopukhov and Kirsanov always relied only on themselves, worked together in the name of a high goal - to develop and improve science, selfless, helping those who need help, who deserve it. They did not seek profit in treating the sick. But Dmitry Sergeevich is calmer, Alexander Matveevich is an emotional and artistic person. It was difficult for Vera Pavlovna to live in her own home due to the constant oppression and reproaches of her mother, but she did not break under the oppression, did not surrender to the mercy of the old order. This Heroine was strong by nature, from an early age she had her own views on life, she always wanted freedom and a life without lies. It was not her habit to be disingenuous in front of people and, most importantly, in front of herself. She could not build her happiness on the misfortune of others, and did not tolerate being treated like a thing. Vera Pavlovna tried to understand the rational structure of society, so she created a sewing workshop with fair procedures and conditions. She is not interested in money, she wants to see the process itself. By doing good for oneself, one does good for others. Vera Pavlovna, creating a workshop, sets out to educate “new people.” She believes that there are many good people, but they need to be helped, and they will help others, and there will be more “new people.” Vera Pavlovna is a different character than Katerina Polozova. Rakhmetov is a special person, of all the others he is the most active. He understands that the struggle for a new world will be life and death. By all possible means he prepares himself for it. This hero is “the salt of the earth, the engine of engines.” He renounced his personal interests for the sake of one goal.' Has enormous energy, endurance, clarity of thoughts and behavior. As Chernyshevsky writes: “Rakhmetov is an ebullient person, he was a master of business, he was a great psychologist.” “And Lopukhov, and Kirsanov, and Vera Pavlovna, and Polozova, and Rakhmetov are people of strong passions, great experiences, and rich temperament. But at the same time, they can control their feelings, subordinate their behavior to the great tasks of the common cause.” “New people” are people of high ideals. Activity for them was the implementation of these ideals. All “new people” lived according to the “theory of rational egoism.” By doing things for themselves and in their own name, they also benefit others. According to Chernyshevsky, “new people” behave the same in all situations: they remain human under any circumstances. “New people” are not two-faced. The heroes of Chernyshevsky’s novel respect their loved one, do everything to make his life better, and treat each other as equals. That is why their love is pure and noble. (No Ratings Yet) Loading…

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