The fate of Lopukhov in the novel, what to do. Essay “Lopukhov. See what "Lopukhov" is in other dictionaries

Kirsanov and Lopukhov

KIRSANOV and LOPUKHOV are the heroes of N.G. Chernyshevsky’s work “What to do?
From stories about new people" (1863). Commoners by origin, they study at the St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy, live and work together. Two months before graduating from the academy, L. marries Vera Pavlovna, with whom he arranges family life on the principles of mutual respect and sovereignty of the parties. K., having fallen in love with a friend’s wife, struggles with his feelings for three years; Vera Pavlovna's reciprocal feeling forces L. to “leave the stage” by staging suicide. K. marries Vera Pavlovna.-L. Using false documents, he leaves for the United States, participates in the fight against slavery and receives American citizenship. Returning to his homeland as Charles Beaumont, an agent of a London trading company, L. marries a friend of his ex-wife. Both families live nearby, forming a small commune. K. and L. are representatives of “new people”, whose characteristics become obvious against the background of both “ordinary”, “vulgar” people and the “special person” Rakhmetov. What distinguishes the “new” people from the “vulgar” people is that for them “the main element of reality is work”; they pave their own way and not only do not obey circumstances, but also shape them. They are characterized by courage, perseverance, honesty, and business acumen. Their actions are based on the “theory of calculation of benefits,” which is a kind of utilitarian transformation of the Gospel commandment to “love your neighbor as yourself” (Matthew 22:39). “People are selfish,” but doing good to others is beneficial, since “the personal benefit of new people coincides with the general benefit” (Pisarev), understood as social progress. Hence the mocking attitude towards all sublime ideas, for example, the concept of sacrifice: “... A victim is soft-boiled boots. Whatever is more pleasant is what you do.” This allows L. to use every forced turn in his life in the public interest: giving up a scientific career and working in, and “leaving the stage” allows him to go underground and engage in underground activities. Science, in particular medicine, interests L. and K. not in itself, but as a means to change the structure of society and the life of an individual. There are other means: both heroes carry out propaganda work among young people, their apartments are “collection points”, L. is reputed to be “one of the best heads in St. Petersburg,” and K. turns out to be Rakhmetov’s educator. L.’s “posthumous” fate is symmetrical to his lifetime fate and structurally emphasizes the unity of this character. Like the Rozalsky family, he gets acquainted with the Polozov family only on business, trying for a long time to avoid other relationships. In both cases, he is dealing with girls who can compare him with young people of another, formally higher circle. Thanks to L., Vera Pavlovna and Katya get the opportunity to understand their place in life and its meaning. This gives them the idea of organizing sewing workshops: in the first case, on their own, in the second, based on the model of an existing one. It should be assumed that Beaumont’s “hidden” life has a symmetrical analogy in L.’s former, “open” life. The individual differences between L. and K. go back to educational characterology, according to which in Russian literature since the time of N.M. Karamzin’s essay “Sensitive and cold. Two Characters” (1803), two essential types emerged: these are Lensky and Onegin, Oblomov and Stolz, and so are K. and L.L. - brunette, which, according to Chernyshevsky, means restraint in a man; K., on the contrary, is blond and therefore expansive. They are combined with their wives according to the principle of complementarity. Differences in characters are also reflected in close life situations, which compositionally emphasize the “duplicity” of the heroes. But “all their sharply outstanding features are features not of individuals, but of a type,” the appearance of which was preceded by individual individuals who, due to the lack of like-minded people, did not have “smooth and prudent activity.” This is first of all Bazarov; The name K., who otherwise has nothing in common with Turgenev’s “vulgar” Kirsanov, also polemically refers to Turgenev’s novel. By the time of the creation of the novel “What is to be done?” “new people” are no longer an exception, but “ordinary decent people of the younger generation.” In accordance with the artistic structure of the book, organized according to the principle of the “world tree,” they are in the middle, “earthly tier” and therefore can seem “floating on the clouds” only to those sitting “in the underworld slum.” The historical fate of this type, in accordance with the views of Chernyshevsky, is built according to the law of cyclicity: ignorance of this type - contempt for it - submission to it - hatred of it - its disappearance - rebirth in “more numerous people, in better forms”, etc., until Finally, this type “will not become the common nature of all people.” The images of L. and K. refer us to the realities of the mid-19th century; in turn, they greatly influenced their contemporaries. Passion for the natural sciences was an expression of materialism and characterized primarily the commoners: the nobles studied more in the humanities faculties. At the Medical-Surgical Academy, “there was a smell of the mixed spirit, here democracy was not superficial, but genuine...”, recalled O.V. Aptekman, a contemporary of the events. It was this academy that Bazarov graduated from. Among the nihilists there were many prominent scientists: it is enough to name I.M. Sechenov and S.V. Kovalevskaya. There is no need to talk about the widespread prevalence of fictitious marriages concluded to save girls from bad families, as well as love triangles, when the first husband remained to live with his wife under the same roof after her second marriage. This is the story of M.L. Mikhailov, N.V. Shelgunov and L.P. Shelgunova; such is the story of I.M. Sechenov, P.I. Bokov and M.A. Bokova, which for a long time was mistakenly considered prototype for Chernyshevsky’s novel. L. himself also strove for a triple cohabitation (section XXV of chapter three) and was forced to leave his wife only after seeing the impossibility of such a step for her. Belonging to the “new people”, which does not require sacrifices or deprivations - only the desire to “be happy” (cf. the Gospel words of Christ: “For My yoke is easy and My burden is light” - Matthew 11:30), distinguishes L. and K. from Rakhmetov - the apostle of the new faith, whose renunciation of all personal desires allows him to always be what the “worldly” “new people” only sometimes become. Realizing this, they understand that he is “more important than all of us here, taken together,” and submit their actions to him for judgment. The potential of “new people” is realized in the “special person” Rakhmetov. WHAT TO DO?

From stories about new people

(Novel, 1863)

Lopukhov Dmitry Sergeich (Beaumont Charles) is one of the main characters. “...Average height or slightly above average, with dark brown hair, with regular, even beautiful facial features, with a proud and courageous look...” - this is how Vera Pavlovna sees him at the moment of meeting him (he becomes the teacher of her brother Fedya). The son of a Ryazan landowner. Studied at the gymnasium. Like his best friend Kirsanov, he early got used to “making his way with his chest, without any support.” Earns

lessons. There was a time when he “was on quite a spree,” which was “a consequence of melancholy from unbearable poverty, no more.” He also had many love affairs, which were later put aside for the sake of business. Initially a student at the Medical Academy, immersed in books, he hopes to become a professor, a resident in one of the St. Petersburg military hospitals and receive a chair at the academy. After his marriage to Vera Pavlovna, he leaves there without receiving a diploma and interrupting his scientific career in order to earn the money necessary for family life. Even a little would have been enough for him, but for a young girl like Vera Pavlovna, in his opinion,

you need more, and therefore you have to change your lifestyle. He doesn't consider it a sacrifice. Showing how decisively L. interrupts his medical scientific career, Chernyshevsky emphasizes his inner freedom and ability to sacrifice his plans and interests for the sake of his neighbor. To the questions of Marya Aleksevna, who is worried about the possibility of an affair between her daughter and the teacher, she answers that he has a fiancée (an allegory of the revolution).

L., like Kirsanov, adheres to the theory of “reasonable egoism”, according to which “what is called sublime feelings, ideal aspirations - all this in the general course of life is completely insignificant compared to everyone’s desire for his own benefit, and fundamentally consists of that the same desire for benefit.” Calculation and benefit are at the core of this theory, but the benefit must be consistent with the general interest. L. rejects Vera Pavlovna’s reproaches that this theory is cold, merciless and prosaic, because it 1) “teaches a person to produce heat”; 2) “following it, people will not be pitiful objects of idle compassion”; 3) “reveals the true motives of life, and poetry is in the truth of life.”

Having fallen in love with Vera Pavlovna, L. invites her to free herself from family bondage by marrying him fictitiously. L. expresses his view of human relationships (including family ones) to Vera Pavlovna as follows: “Let everyone protect his independence with all his might from everyone, no matter how much he loves him, no matter how much he believes in him. Whether what you say will succeed or not, I don’t know, but it’s almost the same: whoever decides to do this has already almost protected himself; he already feels that he can manage on his own, refuse someone else’s support, if necessary, and this feeling is almost enough.” For him, as for other “new people,” according to the author, the main thing is another personality and its freedom.

After marrying Vera Pavlovna and several years of happy life together, which can be called friendship-love, L. suddenly realizes that Vera Pavlovna loves not him, but Kirsanov, and decides to leave. He fakes suicide, thus freeing his wife and friend, and leaves for America. A few years later, he reappears under the name of an American entrepreneur, an abolitionist (supporter of the abolition of slavery) in his views, Charles Beaumont, marries Katerina Polozova and, already married, appears to his ex-wife and friend. Both families settle nearby and live “well and amicably, and quietly and noisily, and cheerfully and efficiently.”

Other writings:

Lopukhov and Kirsanov, ordinary “new people”. Kirsanov was the son of a scribe of the district court... Lopukhov from a very early youth; almost from childhood, he earned money for his maintenance; From the age of twelve, Kirsanov helped his father in copying papers, and from the fourth grade of the gymnasium he also gave Read More ……
Rakhmetov Characteristics of a literary hero A very important character in the novel, the chapter “A Special Person” is dedicated to him. He himself comes from a noble rich family, but leads an ascetic lifestyle. By the time of the action indicated in the novel, R. is 22 years old. He became a student at the age of 16, Read More……
Author Characteristics of a literary hero Appears in the work not only as a narrator, but also as a character. He not only describes his heroes, but also enters into an argument with possible opponents. In this regard, he often mentions the discerning reader. On thoughts Read More……
Kirsanov Characteristics of a literary hero Alexander Matveich Kirsanov is one of the main characters of the work. He has “brown hair of a rather dark shade, dark blue eyes, a straight Greek nose, a small mouth, an oblong face, of remarkable whiteness.” He has great physical strength. From a young age I became Read More……
Vera Pavlovna Characteristics of the literary hero Vera Pavlovna Rozalskaya is the main character of the novel. This is a beautiful girl with a southern type of face. She grew up in St. Petersburg in a multi-story building on Gorokhovaya Street. Since the age of twelve she has been attending a boarding school. She has great talent Read More……
Novel of the Century How did it happen that perhaps the worst known Russian book became the most influential Russian book? These are precisely the characteristics that apply to Chernyshevsky’s novel “What is to be done?” It seems that everyone agrees with the literary weakness of the novel - a variety of and even polar critics. Read More……
The true hero of the era, before whom the author of the novel “What is to be done?” “bows”, is Rakhmetov, the revolutionary with his “fiery love for goodness and freedom.” The image of Rakhmetov and the whole pure, sublime atmosphere of respect and recognition with which he is surrounded undoubtedly testify that Read More……
Essay on the topic: “The greatest truths are the simplest.” L. N. Tolstoy. (According to one of them, they say that the scale of genius has two marks marking this genius - at the very beginning and at the very end of the line. Indeed, the cave paintings of our distant ancestors Read More ......

Lopukhov (What to do? Chernyshevsky)
Novel by N. G. Chernyshevsky “What to do?” created by him in a chamber of the Peter and Paul Fortress in the period from 12/14/1862 to 04/04/1863. in three and a half months. From January to April 1863, the manuscript was transferred in parts to the commission on the writer’s case for censorship. The censor did not find anything reprehensible and allowed publication. The oversight was soon discovered and censor Beketov was removed from office, but the novel was already published in the magazine Sovremennik (1863, No. 3-5). The bans on the magazine's issues led to nothing and the book was distributed throughout the country in samizdat.

In 1905, under Emperor Nicholas II, the ban on publication was lifted, and in 1906 the book was published in a separate edition. The reaction of readers to the novel is interesting; they are divided into two camps. Some supported the author, others considered the novel devoid of artistry.

Colds and bronchopulmonary diseases

Large burdock for its medicinal properties is used to treat the respiratory system. A decoction of the roots is taken internally as a diaphoretic and antipyretic for colds, fever, etc. Burdock also helps with coughs.

Externally, the decoction is used to gargle for various inflammatory processes.

Gastrointestinal diseases

Burdock is a medicinal plant that is widely used to treat the stomach and intestines. Burdock preparations regulate the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and are recommended for gastritis, stomach and duodenal ulcers, constipation, including chronic constipation, hemorrhoids, intestinal diseases, as an anthelmintic, etc. Most often, a decoction of the root is used for these purposes, but an infusion of the leaves can also be taken.

In addition, the large burdock weed has good detoxification properties and will help with mercury poisoning.

For constipation, a decoction/infusion of seeds is also prescribed.

For the liver

As a medicine, burdock, which has a choleretic effect, has proven its effectiveness in some liver diseases, such as cholelithiasis, etc. For these diseases, a decoction of the roots or an infusion of the leaves is taken in courses.

For kidneys and bladder

They treat diseases of the bladder and kidneys with burdock. Preparations of the roots have a diuretic effect and their internal course is recommended for urolithiasis, dropsy, edema, etc. Both a decoction of burdock roots and an infusion of leaves are used in the presence of kidney stones.

For the pancreas

Great benefits of burdock for the pancreas. The root of the plant contains a high percentage of the polysaccharide inulin, which improves the insulin-producing function of the organ. Based on this, a decoction of the root is drunk as a course of treatment for diabetes mellitus.

Oncological diseases

Clinical trials have proven that the substances in burdock have a pronounced ability to delay the tumor process. Despite this, the plant has not received widespread use in official medicine for the treatment of cancer.

In folk medicine, burdock is a recognized remedy for various benign and malignant neoplasms, including cancer of the stomach and esophagus. For this purpose, a course of a decoction of the root, or less often an infusion of the leaves, is prescribed.

For uterine cancer, in addition to internal treatment, douching is done in parallel, tampons are placed, using root preparations - a decoction, an ointment in vegetable oil.

The plant is recommended not only for medicinal purposes, but also for prevention. This is especially true for older people. First of all, it is good to use burdock in cooking for preparing various dishes. Good results are obtained by taking the juice from the burdock herb, either alone or in combination with the juice of other plants.

For women

Medicinal burdock is also useful for women's health. Both a decoction of the root and an infusion of the leaves are taken for delayed menstruation.

The plant is also used externally. So, as an absorbable and anti-inflammatory agent, overlays are made from the leaves of burdock (ordinary). Both fresh leaves and dried ones are suitable for this, for which they are first dipped in boiling water. The leaves are placed on the sore chest in several layers, covered with gauze, polyethylene and insulated, for example, with a scarf. Also, for this disease, lotions from a decoction of the root are recommended.

Preparations of the root, leaves and herbs have shown themselves to be effective against inflammation of the mucous membrane of the genital organs.

Oral diseases

The use of the healing properties of burdock has proven its effectiveness in various inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity. A decoction of the roots has an antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing effect and is used for rinsing.

Joint diseases

Burdock is popular in folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases of the musculoskeletal system. For these purposes, both internal and external use of plant preparations are prescribed.

A course of internal administration of a decoction of the roots is carried out for gout, rheumatism, etc. Externally, a decoction of the roots and an infusion of leaves/inflorescences in the form of baths, trays, lotions will help with any joint problems, as well as with osteochondrosis, rickets, sciatica, various neuralgia, fatigue and muscle pain, etc.

For fatigue, muscle pain and atrophy, it is recommended to rub the sore areas with finely chopped onion gruel, and then place a lotion on top using a decoction of the roots. Everything is covered with polyethylene and insulated, for example, with a scarf.

A good result is obtained by using various ointments with burdock, prepared in vegetable and butter, lard with mandatory subsequent insulation.

Leaves are also used to cover sore spots. This was discussed in detail in the “For Women” section.

Skin diseases

The medicinal properties of burdock and their use will be beneficial for various skin diseases. The plant has anti-allergic, blood purifying properties and an internal course of decoction of the root and juice of the leaves is prescribed for scrofula, eczema, neurodermatitis, seboroid dermatitis, erysipelas, lichen, diathesis, rash, pruritus, itchy skin, etc.

To achieve a faster and more lasting result, external treatment is also carried out in parallel, for which a decoction of the root is used for washes, lotions, baths, and trays.

There are also many recipes for burdock for the treatment of certain diseases. For itchy skin, apply leaves soaked in natural milk purchased at the market or a paste of crushed leaves mixed with milk to the affected areas, which are secured with gauze or a bandage. The duration of the procedure is 1-2 hours.

For erysipelas, overlays are made from leaves covered with sour cream.

A good effect is achieved by using ointments with burdock root in vegetable oil or lard.

Wounds, ulcers, burns

Burdock is recommended in folk medicine for various damage to the skin, such as ulcers, wounds, burns, frostbite, bedsores, hemorrhages, insect bites, bees, etc. Plant preparations have an antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, absorbable, wound-healing effect in the form of rinses and lotions.

But the use of various ointments with burdock root, prepared in vegetable and butter, lard, as well as burdock oil, is especially effective.

Also, the damaged surface will be covered with pads made from young leaves crushed to a pulp, which are secured with gauze or a bandage. Or lubricate with juice.

Burdock is a detoxifying remedy for bites from poisonous insects and snakes. To do this, drink a decoction of the root, and also eat the roots raw.

For the whole body

The medicinal properties and benefits of burdock are also applicable for strengthening and healing the body as a whole. The plant has blood purifying, hematopoietic, and tonic properties. Restores metabolism, including mineral and carbohydrate metabolism. For these purposes, take a decoction of the roots.

A course of juice is prescribed as a general tonic. In addition, burdock leaves are a source of vitamin C, so they will be beneficial for vitamin deficiency.

Analysis of the work

1. Social and political renewal of society through revolution. In the book, due to censorship, the author could not expand on this topic in more detail. It is given in half-hints in the description of Rakhmetov’s life and in the 6th chapter of the novel.

2. Moral and psychological. That a person with the power of his mind is able to create in himself new specified moral qualities. The author describes the entire process from small (the fight against despotism in the family) to large-scale, that is, revolution.

3. Women's emancipation, family morality. This theme is revealed in the history of Vera’s family, in the relationships of three young people before Lopukhov’s alleged suicide, in Vera’s first 3 dreams.

4. Future socialist society. This is a dream of a beautiful and bright life, which the author unfolds in Vera Pavlovna’s 4th dream. Here is a vision of easier labor with the help of technical means, i.e., technogenic development of production.

(Chernyshevsky writes a novel in a cell at the Peter and Paul Fortress

)

The pathos of the novel is the propaganda of the idea of transforming the world through revolution, preparing minds and waiting for it. Moreover, the desire to actively participate in it. The main goal of the work is the development and implementation of a new method of revolutionary education, the creation of a textbook on the formation of a new worldview for every thinking person.

Story line

In the novel, it actually covers up the main idea of the work. It’s not for nothing that at first even the censors considered the novel to be nothing more than a love story. The beginning of the work, deliberately entertaining, in the spirit of French novels, aimed to confuse the censorship and, at the same time, attract the attention of the majority of the reading public. The plot is based on a simple love story, behind which the social, philosophical and economic problems of the time are hidden. The Aesopian language of the narrative is thoroughly permeated with the ideas of the coming revolution.

The plot is like this. There is an ordinary girl Vera Pavlovna Rozalskaya, whom her selfish mother is trying in every possible way to pass off as a rich man. Trying to avoid this fate, the girl resorts to the help of her friend Dmitry Lopukhov and enters into a fictitious marriage with him. Thus, she gains freedom and leaves her parents' house. In search of income, Vera opens a sewing workshop. This is not an ordinary workshop. There is no hired labor here; female workers have their share of the profits, so they are interested in the prosperity of the enterprise.

Vera and Alexander Kirsanov are mutually in love. To free his imaginary wife from remorse, Lopukhov stages suicide (it is with the description of it that the whole action begins) and leaves for America. There he acquires a new name, Charles Beaumont, becomes an agent of an English company and, fulfilling its assignment, comes to Russia to purchase a stearine plant from the industrialist Polozov. Lopukhov meets Polozov’s daughter Katya at Polozov’s house. They fall in love with each other, the matter ends with a wedding. Now Dmitry appears in front of the Kirsanov family. Friendship between families begins, they settle in the same house. A circle of “new people” forms around them, wanting to arrange their own and social lives in a new way. Lopukhov-Beaumont's wife Ekaterina Vasilievna also joins the business and sets up a new sewing workshop. This is such a happy ending.

The fate of Lopukhov in the novel, what to do. Essay “Lopukhov. See what “burdock” is in other dictionaries