Biography of Derzhavin briefly the most important thing

Childhood and youth of Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin

The future poet, politician and public figure was born on July 3 (July 14, new style) 1743 in the village of Sokury near Kazan. His parents were poor nobles. Father's name was Derzhavin Roman Nikolaevich. He was a military man, so the family often changed their place of residence. In 1750, when the Derzhavin family lived in Orenburg, the boy was sent to study in a German boarding school . The exact disciplines were not taught there well enough, but the study was not in vain, and after four years Gabriel spoke German well.

Gabriel in childhood

In 1754, the father of the future poet dies, and all worries fall entirely on his mother, Fekla Andreevna . In the new circumstances, providing a decent education to children becomes an extremely difficult task. In search of a solution to their problems, the family moves to Kazan. Having changed his place of residence, at first the boy received his education at home.

Gabriel in his youth

Childhood, education, military service

The poet Derzhavin Gabriel Romanovich was born on July 3 (July 14), 1743 in the Kazan province into a family of impoverished nobles. His childhood was spent on a family estate in the village of Sokury. Since 1759, Derzhavin studied at the Kazan gymnasium.

In 1762, the future poet entered service as an ordinary guardsman in the Preobrazhensky Regiment. In 1772 he was promoted to ensign, receiving his first officer rank. In 1773–1775, Derzhavin, as part of the regiment, participated in the suppression of the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev.

short biography

1. Studying at the gymnasium. In 1759, Gabriel and his brother entered the newly opened Kazan gymnasium to study. Here the boy is considered one of the best students. He was especially good at tasks that required a creative approach. During his studies, Gabriel became acquainted with the poetry of the great writers of that time. It was during these years that the future poet tried to write his first literary works.
2. Beginning of military service. In 1762, after graduating from high school, the young man entered military service in the Preobrazhensky Guards Regiment. Later, the regiment was involved in the coup, supporting the future Empress Catherine II. The poet recalled the period of service as far from being the happiest time in his life. It was not possible to make a career quickly, and in the barracks Gabriel Derzhavin became interested in card games, on which he spent what little money he had. Nevertheless, the poet did not stop his studies in literature.
3. Promotion. In 1772, Gabriel Derzhavin received a promotion and became an ensign.
4. Participation in the suppression of the Pugachev rebellion. The next turn in the poet’s career was a trip to Kazan in 1773, where he participated in the suppression of a riot led by Emelyan Pugachev. Here the poet for the first time uses his literary talent for the benefit of the state. He writes an appeal to local residents, in which he urges them not to take part in the criminal acts that the rioters committed. Later, his work came to the attention of the empress, but was not properly rewarded.
5. Soon Gavriil Derzhavin resigns . During his years of service, the officer was not entitled to any awards, and his financial situation left much to be desired. In addition, during the peasant revolt, the Derzhavin estate near Orenburg was destroyed. Trying to achieve justice, the poet wrote a letter to the empress listing all his merits. As a result, Derzhavin receives 300 peasant souls, which helps improve his financial situation a little.
6. With the end of his military service, Gabriel Derzhavin begins a new period in his life. The poet enters public service in the Senate . Derzhavin’s work in this field is also not going too smoothly, primarily due to his heightened sense of justice. The poet often enters into confrontation, defending his point of view.
7. Starting his promotion in the civil service, Derzhavin does not leave his favorite pastime. Constantly improving, the poet develops his own style and writes numerous odes, one of which is the ode “God”. In 1783, the ode “Felitsa” was written, in which Gabriel Romanovich sang the deeds of Empress Catherine II. The empress generously rewarded the poet for this work. He was given a golden snuff-box, encrusted with diamonds, and inside there were five hundred ducats.
8. Derzhavin managed to achieve recognition, after which new positions . In 1784 he was appointed governor of the Olonets governorate . Due to his principled nature, he did not have to work in this position for long, and already in 1785 the poet was transferred to a similar position in the Tambov province. But here, too, the same conflicts and misunderstandings were repeated on the part of colleagues who wrote complaints against the new governor to St. Petersburg. Despite all the difficulties, Gabriel Romanovich managed to do a lot for the province entrusted to him. Following his principles, he fought against bureaucracy , and with his support schools and hospitals were built. During his years as governor, Gavriil Romanovich was practically not involved in literary activities.
9. From 1789 to 1791, Derzhavin, taking advantage of a break in public service, devoted himself to creativity. At this time, the Russian-Turkish war . The poet, delighted with the victories of the Russian troops, writes the poetic work “Thunder of Victory, Ring Out!” It was this poem that became the unofficial anthem of the state .
10. Since 1791, Derzhavin has served as cabinet secretary to the Empress . His responsibilities include monitoring compliance with the law in government documents. But the poet does not betray his principles and continues to defend justice, which greatly annoys the empress. And as a result, Gabriel Romanovich was reappointed senator.
11. In 1794, Gabriel Romanovich completed the ode “Waterfall ,” which was begun in the year of the death of His Serene Highness Prince Potemkin. In the work, the poet praises the deeds accomplished by the prince.
12. The year 1802 marks the rise of Derzhavin’s career. The poet was appointed Minister of Justice .
13. At the age of 60, the poet leaves public service and lives on his estate Zvanka, Novgorod province , devoting himself entirely to creativity. During this period, many works were written, including dramatic ones.
14. The poet's works were published in the form of a collection of works in 4 volumes .
15. In 1815, while taking an exam at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, Gavriil Romanovich noted the extraordinary talent of the graduate and future great Russian poet A. S. Pushkin .
16. The poet dies in 1816, on July 8 in Zvanki.

G. R. Derzhavin - abstract

Derzhavin Gavrila Romanovich (1743-1816), Russian poet. Representative of Russian classicism.

Solemn odes, imbued with the idea of ​​strong statehood, included satire on nobles, landscape and everyday sketches, religious and philosophical reflections (“Felitsa”, 1782; “Nobleman”, 1774-94; “God”, 1784; “Waterfall”, 1791-94 ); lyric poems.

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The most famous Russian poet of the late 18th century. Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin was born in Kazan into the family of an army officer. As a child, he was frail and weak, but he was distinguished by an “extraordinary inclination towards science.” At the age of two he lost his father. His mother, left with her children without a means of support, was forced, according to the poet’s recollections, “to go to the judges, stand in their hallways at the doors for several hours... but when they left, no one wanted to listen to her decently, but everything they passed her by with cruelty, and she had to return home with nothing.” The boy remembered these humiliations for the rest of his life. In 1759, Derzhavin nevertheless entered the gymnasium in Kazan. Although they taught poorly there, the future great poet improved in the German language, became addicted to drawing and sketching, and learned to dance and fencing. He made up for what he lacked in education by reading.

In 1762, G. R. Derzhavin entered military service. She left sad memories in his soul. Hard menial work was dulling, carousing seemed to be the only outlet. Derzhavin, an addicted person, became addicted to gambling and once lost money sent by his mother to buy an estate at cards. Derzhavin wrote about himself in his memoirs in the third person: “I went, so to speak, out of desperation, day and night to taverns, looking for games. I became acquainted with the players, or, better, with the robbers, disguised by decent actions and clothes; From them I learned conspiracies, how to get newbies into the game, card selection, counterfeits and all sorts of gaming scams.” True, he did not stoop to “insidious betrayal.” Poetry, which elevated the soul, came to the aid of Derzhavin’s morally pure nature: “If it happened that there was nothing to play for, but also to live, then, locking himself at home, he ate bread and water and wrote poetry in the sometimes faint light of a tallow candle or the radiance of the sun through the cracks of the closed shutters.” He started “dirtying” while still in high school. In the barracks, willy-nilly, he had to forget about the sciences, but sometimes he still managed to read randomly obtained Russian and German books.

After ten years of military service, G.R. Derzhavin was promoted to officer and in 1773 he personally appeared to General A.I. Bibikov, the commander of the troops sent to suppress the Pugachev uprising, with a request to take him with him to Kazan. In the next four years of service, Derzhavin proved himself to be a resourceful, quick-witted officer and managed to attract the attention of his superiors. During the Pugachev uprising, Derzhavin’s Orenburg estate suffered greatly: for two weeks a convoy of 40 thousand carts was stationed there, carrying provisions to the army. The soldiers “ruined the peasants to the ground.” It took Derzhavin hard work to achieve at least some compensation.

In 1777, “due to his inability” for military service, he was “released into regular” service with the award of 300 souls in Belarus. Derzhavin had every reason to consider himself offended. He turned out to be much luckier in cards and in love. In 1775, “with only 50 rubles in his pocket,” he won 40,000 rubles, and in 1778 he married his beloved girl and was happily married.

When publishing his first poetic works, G. R. Derzhavin admitted that “in expression and style he tried to imitate Lomonosov, but since he did not have his talent, it was not possible.”

Derzhavin accurately determined the time of his creative rebirth: “I didn’t want to soar, but I could not constantly withstand the splendor and pomp of speech with the elegant selection of words characteristic of Lomonosov alone. Therefore, since 1779, I have chosen a completely special path.” This path is truly special - Derzhavin’s. The first odes written after 1779 were distinguished by the sonority of the verse and the power of poetic expression, unprecedented in Russian poetry.

“Felitsa,” published in 1783, caused real delight among readers. This work was new both in form and content. The previous high-flown odes began to “bother” everyone, their “paper thunder” irritated them. In “Felitsa” the reader encountered living poetry, permeated with life realities that were easily guessed. The name of the ode is associated with “The Tale of Prince Chlorus” - a moralizing allegory that the empress herself wrote for her grandson, Alexander Pavlovich. The heroine of the fairy tale, the daughter of the Kyrgyz khan Felitsa, helps the prince find a rose without thorns. But does this really happen? Yes, a rose without thorns is a virtue.

The reader guessed the poet’s allusions to the courtiers: “I’ll gallop to the tailor on my caftan” - a characteristic pastime of G. A. Potemkin; “I go hunting / And amuse myself with the barking of dogs” - characteristic of P. I. Panin; “I amuse myself with horns at night” - the music of hunting horns was brought into fashion by Chief Jägermeister S.K. Naryshkin; “I’m Reading Polkan and Bova” is about Derzhavin’s immediate superior, Prince Vyazemsky, who amused himself by forcing his subordinates to read popular popular novels aloud to him...

Derzhavin's friends dissuaded him from publishing such a daring ode, but Catherine II liked it. Moreover, the empress sarcastically gave “Felitsa” to her entourage, emphasizing those passages that related to the recipient’s sins.

In 1784, G. R. Derzhavin, having spoiled relations with his superiors in the Senate, was forced to resign. But in the same year he was appointed governor of Olonets. Not getting along with the governor of the region, he was transferred by the governor to Tambov - and then he ruined his relationship with the governor! The poet-governor even found himself on trial. A long trial began. Derzhavin arrived in St. Petersburg “to prove to the empress and the state that he is capable of business, innocent with his hands, pure in heart and faithful in the positions assigned to him.” Derzhavin was told that the Empress could not accuse the author of Felitsa,” and he was ordered to appear at court. Derzhavin wrote about himself in the third person: “Having been honored to kiss the hand of the monarch with favor and having dined with her at the same table, he thought to himself what he was: guilty or not guilty? in service or not in service?” For more than two years, the poet, thirsty for state activities, waited for an answer and, without wasting time, wrote odes. He again dedicated one of them, “Image of Felitsa” (1789), to Catherine. The ode “To the Capture of Ishmael” was an equally great success. Now many courtiers dreamed that Derzhavin would dedicate “poems of praise” to them. In 1791, the poet was appointed Secretary of State of Catherine II.

This was a sign of special mercy. But service even in such an honorable field turned out to be unsuccessful for G.R. Derzhavin. He interfered in business, fought with the bureaucracy - the “clerical crooked squad,” but this was not at all what was expected of him. Catherine II hinted more than once that he should write something “like an ode to Felitsa.” But the poet did not detect a surge of feelings or inspiration. “I lost my spirit,” he wrote about himself. Perhaps because Derzhavin got to know the court better and now saw Catherine II in a different light? The Empress also lost interest in the poet, removing him from herself and appointing him as a senator. Derzhavin also quarreled with everyone in the Senate: persistence, zeal, and zeal for office prevented him from living “like everyone else.” He even went to the Senate on Sundays.

In 1796 (after many official troubles and personal dramas), he wrote, imitating Horace’s ode “To Melpomene,” the poem “Monument.”

With the accession of Paul 1 to the throne, G.R. Derzhavin’s position as a whole did not change, despite the fact that at first he was persecuted by the monarch “for an indecent answer made to the sovereign.” G.R. Derzhavin continued to serve under Alexander 1, and was even the Minister of Justice (1802-1803). But he condemned the spirit of reform and did not sympathize with the plans of the new emperor. In 1807 he finally retired, after which he spent time mainly in the village of Zvanka, Novgorod district.

Personal life of the poet

Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin was married twice. His first wife was the young sixteen-year-old beauty Ekaterina Bastidon . His wife became the poet’s muse, influencing his work. The woman died suddenly in 1793, being very young.

Ekaterina Bastidon

Six months later, the poet married again. Daria Dyakova becomes his wife .

Daria Dyakova

Derzhavin had no children . But still, the poet was engaged in educating the younger generation. The Derzhavins' house became home to Daria Alekseevna's orphaned nieces, as well as to the children of the poet's close friend Pyotr Lazarev.