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- Defoe - Robinson Crusoe
Year of writing: 1719 Genre: novel
Main characters: Robinson Crusoe and Friday
This work is one of the most popular in a number of English novels. It talks about the life of a sailor from York who spent 28 years on a desert island, where he ended up as a result of a shipwreck.
The theme of the work was based on the spiritual and intellectual development of a young guy who found himself in unusual living conditions. The main character has to learn to live again, make the necessary items, get food and take care of himself.
Summary of Robinson Crusoe by chapters
1. Since childhood, Robinson Crusoe dreamed of connecting his life with sea voyages, but his parents were against such a hobby for their son. But despite this, when Robinson turned 18, he took his friend and his father’s ship and they went to London.
2. Already from the first day of sailing, trouble befalls the ship; it gets caught in a storm. The main character, frightened, promises never to go to sea again and to always be on land, but as soon as the storm calmed down, Robinson forgot all his promises and gets drunk. As a result, the young crew is again overtaken by a storm and the ship sinks. Robinson is ashamed to return home and decides on new adventures.
3. Arriving in London, Crusoe met a captain who wants to take the guy with him to Guinea. Soon the old captain died, but the heroes continue their journey. So, while sailing near Africa, the ship is captured by the Turks.
Robinson Crusoe is taken prisoner for three years, after which he manages to escape by deception, taking with him the boy Xuri. Together they swim to the shore, where the roar of animals is heard; during the day they go ashore to find fresh water and also to hunt. Crusoe explores the island in hopes of finding signs of life.
4. The heroes find savages with whom they manage to make friends, so they fill the supplies of what they need. They gave the leopard to the savages as a token of gratitude. After spending some time on the island, the heroes are taken away by a Portuguese ship.
5. Robinson Crusoe lives in Brazil and grows sugar cane. There he makes new friends, to whom he tells about his travels. After some time, Robinson is offered another trip in order to obtain gold dust. And thus the team sets off from the shores of Brazil. The ship lasted 12 days during the voyage, after which it fell into a storm and sank. The crew seeks salvation on a boat, but they still go down. Only Robinson Crusoe managed to get out alive. He is glad to be saved, but still sad for his dead comrades. Crusoe spends his first night in a tree. and is engaged
6. Waking up, Robinson saw that the ship had washed much closer to the shore. The hero goes to explore the ship to find supplies of food, water and rum. To transport the things he found, Robinson builds a raft. Soon the hero realizes that he is on an island; in the distance he sees several more islands and reefs. It takes several days to transport things and build a tent. Crusoe managed to translate almost everything that was on the ship, after which a storm arose, which carried the remains of the ship to the bottom. he ended up on the island
7. Robinson Crusoe devotes the next two weeks to sorting out supplies of food and gunpowder, and then hiding them in the crevices of the mountains.
8. Robinson came up with his own calendar; a dog and two cats from the ship became his friends. He keeps a diary and writes down what happens to him and what surrounds him. All this time, the hero waits for help to come for him and therefore often falls into despair. So a year and a half passes on the island, Crusoe practically no longer expects the ship to come, so he decides to equip his place of residence as best as possible.
9. Thanks to the diary, the reader learns that the hero managed to make a shovel and dig a cellar. Crusoe hunts goats and also tames a wounded kid, and he also catches wild pigeons for food. One day he finds ears of barley and rice, which he takes for sowing. And only after four years of life, he begins to use grains as food.
10. An earthquake hits the island. Crusoe begins to get sick, he is tormented by a fever, which he treats with tobacco tincture. Soon Crusoe explores the island more carefully and finds new fruits and berries. In the depths of the island there is clean water, and so the hero establishes a dacha. In August, Robinson dries the grapes, and in the period August-October the island experiences heavy rains.
11. During heavy rains, Robinson is engaged in weaving baskets. He makes the transition to the opposite side of the island, and it turns out that living conditions there are much better.
12. Robinson continues to grow barley and rice and to scare away the birds, Robinson uses the corpses of their comrades.
13. Robinson tames a parrot and teaches him to talk, as well as learn how to make dishes from clay. For some time he learned to bake bread.
14. The hero devotes the fourth year of his stay on the island to building a boat. He also hunts animals for their skins so he can make new clothes. To protect himself from the sun's rays, Crusoe makes an umbrella.
15. It took about two years to build the boat; with its help it was possible to travel around the island. During all this time, the hero has become accustomed to the island and it already seems like home to him. Soon he managed to create a smoking pipe.
16. It was the eleventh year of Robinson’s stay on the island, by which time his supplies of gunpowder were running out. Crusoe tames goats so as not to be left without meat supplies. Soon his herd becomes larger and larger, thanks to this the main character no longer experiences a shortage of meat food.
17. One day Robinson Crusoe found someone’s print on the shore, it was clearly a person. This discovery frightens the hero, after which Robinson cannot sleep peacefully and leave his hideout. After sitting in the hut for several days, Crusoe finally went out to milk the goats and realized that the traces found were his. But carefully examining the size of the print, I realized that it was still the trace of an alien.
18. Two years have passed since Robinson Crusoe found traces on the island. One day he explored the west of the island and found a shore with human bones. After such a discovery, Crusoe does not want to explore the island anymore and is on his part, busy with home improvement.
19. Twenty-four years have passed since the main character has been on the island. And the hero notices that an unknown ship has crashed not far from the island.
20. Robinson Crusoe failed to understand whether someone from the destroyed ship survived or not. On the shore he found the body of a cabin boy, and on the ship a dog and some things.
21. Robinson Crusoe finds himself a new friend, calls him Friday, since on that day he was saved. Now the main character sews clothes and teaches Friday, thanks to this Crusoe feels less lonely and unhappy.
22. Robinson teaches Friday to eat animal meat, teaches him to eat boiled food. The savage, in turn, gets used to Robinson, tries in every possible way to help him and tells him about the island that is nearby.
23. Robinson and Friday are making a new boat to leave the island, adding a rudder and sails to it.
24. The main characters are attacked by savages, but are repulsed. Among the savages captured was a Spaniard, and also Friday's father.
25. The Spaniard helps Robinson build a ship.
26. Escape from the island is delayed due to low tide.
27. Armed people are making their way onto the island after their missing comrades. But Friday and his assistants cope with some of the attackers.
28. Robinson Crusoe gets home, where his sisters are eagerly waiting for him, to whom the protagonist will soon tell his whole story.
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Read summary Defoe - Robinson Crusoe. Brief retelling. For a reader's diary, take 5-6 sentences
The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe
Peace is not for Robinson; he can hardly survive in England for several years: thoughts of the island haunt him day and night. Age and his wife’s prudent speeches hold him back for the time being. He even buys a farm and intends to engage in agricultural work, to which he is so accustomed. The death of his wife breaks these plans. There is nothing keeping him in England anymore. In January 1694, he sailed on the ship of his nephew, the captain. With him is the faithful Friday, two carpenters, a blacksmith, a certain “master of all kinds of mechanical work” and a tailor. The cargo he takes to the island is difficult to even list; it seems that everything is provided, right down to “brackets, loops, hooks,” etc. On the island he expects to meet the Spaniards with whom he missed each other.
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Looking ahead, he tells about life on the island everything that he later learns from the Spaniards. The colonists live unfriendly. Those three inveterate ones that were left on the island have not come to their senses - they are lazy, do not take care of the crops and the herd. If they still keep themselves within the bounds of decency with the Spaniards, then they mercilessly exploit their two compatriots. It comes to vandalism - trampled crops, destroyed huts. Finally, the Spaniards’ patience runs out and the trio are expelled to another part of the island. The savages do not forget about the island either: having learned that the island is inhabited, they arrive in large groups. Bloody massacres take place. Meanwhile, the restless trio begs the Spaniards for a boat and visits the nearby islands, returning with a group of natives, including five women and three men. The English take women as wives (the Spaniards are not allowed by religion). The general danger (the biggest villain, Atkins, shows himself excellently in a fight with savages) and, perhaps, the beneficial female influence completely transforms the odious Englishmen (there are two of them left, the third died in the battle), so that by the time Robinson arrives, peace and harmony are established on the island .
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Like a monarch (this is his comparison), he generously gifts the colonists with equipment, provisions, clothes, and settles the latest disagreements. Generally speaking, he acts as a governor, which he could well have been if not for his hasty departure from England, which prevented him from taking a patent. No less concerned than with the welfare of the colony, Robinson is concerned with establishing “spiritual” order. With him is a French missionary, a Catholic, but the relationship between them is maintained in the educational spirit of religious tolerance. To begin with, they marry married couples living “in sin.” Then the native wives themselves are baptized. In total, Robinson stayed on his island for twenty-five days. At sea they encounter a flotilla of pirogues filled with natives. A bloody battle breaks out and Friday dies. In this second part of the book, a lot of blood is shed. In Madagascar, avenging the death of a rapist sailor, his comrades will burn and slaughter an entire village. Robinson's indignation turns the thugs against him, demanding to put him ashore (they are already in the Bay of Bengal). The captain's nephew is forced to give in to them, leaving two servants with Robinson.
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Robinson meets an English merchant, who tempts him with the prospects of trade with China. Subsequently, Robinson travels overland, satisfying his natural curiosity with outlandish customs and species. For the Russian reader, this part of his adventures is interesting because he returns to Europe through Siberia. In Tobolsk, he meets exiled “state criminals” and “not without pleasure” spends long winter evenings with them. Then there will be Arkhangelsk, Hamburg, The Hague, and finally, in January 1705, after ten years and nine months, Robinson arrives in London.
What was Robinson Crusoe doing on a desert island?
Robinson Crusoe is the hero of the novels of the English writer Daniel Defoe. In his incredible adventures, by the will of fate, he finds himself thrown onto a desert island, where he will have to live for decades, all alone (alone?).
Would you like to be in the shoes of a famous hero? Then you should know that Robinson Crusoe on a desert island, in addition to the need for daily survival in the wild, received a lot of problems, including boredom and lack of normal time with people.
But daily systematic work did not allow Robinson to fall into a long depression. Of course, there were breakdowns, and sometimes the hero was overcome by despair, however, despite this, Robinson knew exactly what he needed to do. Or, at least, he guessed, based on necessity.
First of all, Robinson Crusoe had to take care of the most necessary things that helped him survive - these are, of course, firearms, gunpowder and knives to protect himself from possible predators and unexpected guests. It is worth noting that thanks to them he was able to calmly hunt animals.
After this, Robinson is engaged in arranging housing, which was supposed to protect him from predators and enemies. He sets traps, protects the dwelling, partly covered under a canvas, partly dug into the mountainside, with a palisade, and begins to take care of the third item on the agenda.
Robinson began raising domestic animals, salting meat, planting and harvesting crops, trying to bake bread, growing grapes... Robinson did not forget about traveling around his island. He never gave up hope of being delivered from the uninhabited island, which is why Robinson attempted a “circumnavigation” around the island, creating a large boat for sea travel. Robinson Crusoe even tries to leave the island on a large raft... In other words, everyday life practically nullified all attempts by Madame Depression to harm Robinson. By the way, after some time it turns out that the island is not so uninhabited.
To summarize, we can answer the question this way, doing everyday work, without giving up hope for a better future, Robinson Crusoe lived on an island, waiting for the moment when some ship passing by would pick him up and take him home.
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