First part
The first part tells about the following events. 7 years have passed since the War of 1812, described in the work “War and Peace”. The heroes of the novel have changed both externally and internally. We will talk about this when analyzing the epilogue. In 13, Natasha married Pierre Bezukhov. Ilya Andreevich, count, died at the same time. The old family fell apart with his death. The Rostovs' financial affairs are completely upset. However, Nikolai does not refuse the inheritance, since he sees this as an expression of reproach to his father’s memory.
Main events of volume 1 “War and Peace”
The main events of volume 1 of “War and Peace” cover the peaceful life of the heroes of the novel and describe military operations, the battle of Austerlitz and the Battle of Shengraben.
The volume begins at Scherer's ball. Here they are discussing the possibility of Anatoly Kuragin marrying Maria Bolkonskaya. Acquaintance with representatives of secular society begins. Here are Helen Kuragina, Lisa Bolkonskaya, Pierre Bezukhov. Andrei Bolkonsky appears at the ball, he communicates with Pierre, invites him to his place. Already at Andrei’s house, the friends’ conversation about Napoleon and the war continues. The Rostovs celebrate the birthdays of Natalya and her mother. They talk about the adventures of Pierre. Sonya and Nikolai coo like lovers, their older sister Vera scolds them. Pierre appears at the celebration.
At the house of Count Bezukhov they are preparing for death. The doctors warned that the count might die during the night. Vasily and Princess Catherine are trying to steal the briefcase with the Count's papers; they know that there is a letter about Pierre's adoption there. They are prevented by Anna Mikhailovna, who hopes for help from Pierre to her son Boris. Andrei Bolkonsky is preparing to leave for the army, his father is against his decision, but his son is adamant. Nikolai Andreevich writes Kutuzov a recommendation for his son.
The second part takes the reader to Kutuzov’s apartment. An Austrian military adviser arrives to the commander-in-chief, he proposes to unite the troops of the two countries. Kutuzov is against such a connection. Nikolai Rostov serves in the cadet regiment. He exposes the thief, Lieutenant Telyanin, who stole money from Denisov. Kutuzov retreats, burns the bridge, and the army stops on the left bank of the Danube. Bolkonsky watches the Russian retreat. Bagration holds the French. Marshal Murat offers the commander-in-chief of the Russian troops peace. Kutuzov agrees, but Napoleon understands that this is a trick and breaks the truce.
The Battle of Shengraben begins, in which Bolkonsky participates. Nikolai Rostov rejoices at the upcoming battle, but is lost when his horse is killed. He cannot shoot the man and throws a pistol at the Frenchman.
Pierre receives an inheritance, and the attitude towards him in society completely changes. Now he is an eligible bachelor. There is a discussion about the future battle of Austerlitz, Kutuzov believes that the Russians will lose.
The volume ends with a description of the battle. The wounded Andrei is examined by Napoleon, he says that his death is beautiful. Bolkonsky sees Napoleon, but for him he is now insignificant and small in comparison with what is happening in his heart.
Ruin of Rostov
The ruin of the Rostovs is described at the end of the work “War and Peace” (epilogue). A summary of the events that make up this episode is as follows. The estate was sold under the hammer for half the price, which covered only half of the debts. Rostov, in order not to end up in a debt trap, enters military service in St. Petersburg. He lives here in a small apartment with Sonya and his mother. Nikolai values Sonya very much, believes that he owes her an unpaid debt, but understands that he could not love this girl. Nikolai's situation is getting worse. However, he is disgusted by the thought of marrying a rich woman.
Summary of the novel “War and Peace”
A very brief summary of the novel War and Peace by L.N. Tolstoy.
VOLUME 1
1805. St. Petersburg secular society gathers at the receptions of Anna Scherer, the Empress's maid of honor. Among the guests are Pierre, the illegitimate son of Count Bezukhov, Andrei Bolkonsky, and other interesting personalities.
Everyone admires Napoleon and discusses the possibility of Russia entering the war with France; this seems unrealistic. Bolkonsky idolizes Napoleon and dreams of proving himself in a military career.
Pierre does not yet have a clear goal, does not think about service, devoting all his time to social life and carousing. Due to violations of order during a drinking binge, Pierre was expelled from St. Petersburg, and his comrade Dolokhov was demoted from the officers.
The Rostovs celebrate the name day of the Countess-mother and youngest daughter Natasha, who is only 13 years old. Pierre pays attention to this bright, noisy girl because she has a lot of love for life.
In the Rostov family, everyone is very attached to each other, only the eldest Vera keeps to herself. Nikolai Rostov is preparing for military service, which he is very happy about.
In the house of Kirill Bezukhov, relatives are deciding the issue of future inheritance, since the old count is dying. Many are concerned that the old man has drawn up a new text of his will, according to which Pierre will single-handedly become Bezukhov’s successor. Relatives are even ready to steal the document, but this is prevented by Anna Drubetskaya, an old friend of the Bezukhov family. She helps Pierre become the rightful heir. Afterwards she asks for help for her son, Boris, because the Drubetsky family is impoverished. Pierre willingly gives money to outfit Boris so that he can go into military service with dignity.
Wealth and honors suddenly fall upon Pierre, everyone accepts him with pleasure, considering him as a groom. Vasily Kuragin, wanting to improve the affairs of his family, is going to marry his daughter, the beautiful Helene, to Pierre. The girl is only interested in the material side of marriage, but she is very beautiful, and she manages to charm Bezukhov.
Subsequently, he marries Helen, although he understands that he does not feel love for her, but passion.
Bolkonsky takes his pregnant wife Liza to his father's estate so that she can calmly give birth to a child under the supervision of his sister, Marya. The girls manage to become friends, but the old prince does not like his daughter-in-law.
Despite Lisa's protests, Andrei leaves to serve and joins the Austrian military campaign. He wants to become a hero, to benefit the Fatherland. At Austerlitz, Bolkonsky is seriously wounded, and he rethinks a lot in moments when he is almost dying. Andrei is taken prisoner from the battlefield, and nothing is known about his further fate.
Nikolai Rostov was also in this battle and fought bravely, for which he was subsequently awarded the St. George Cross.
See a more detailed summary of volume 1 of the novel War and Peace
VOLUME 2
Nikolai Rostov goes on vacation, wanting to visit his relatives in Moscow. Both his family and secular society greet him as a true hero, and therefore as an eligible bachelor.
Nikolai was once in love with his second cousin Sonya, who has lived in the Rostov house since childhood, since she became an orphan.
Nowadays he avoids the girl. But Nikolai’s new comrade, Fyodor Dolokhov, is fascinated by her. He proposes to Sonya, but she refuses because she loves Nikolai.
Vasily Denisov, Rostov's friend and mentor, falls in love with 16-year-old Natasha and proposes to her. The girl realizes for the first time how strong her charm is.
Prince Kuragin wants to marry his son Anatoly. The ugly but very rich Marya Bolkonskaya seems to him to be a good match. When they meet in person, the Bolkonskys immediately feel insincerity on the part of the Kuragins, so Princess Marya refuses Anatoly.
Old Bolkonsky does not know whether his son is alive, he almost does not believe it. But the princess is sure that Andrei will return. Bolkonsky returns while everyone is waiting for a doctor for Lisa, who is about to give birth. Andrei sees Lisa at the time of childbirth, but she feels very bad, she does not recognize her husband, and later dies. After the death of his wife, Andrei withdraws into himself for a long time, feeling guilt and grief.
Pierre challenges Dolokhov to a duel, with whom, according to rumors, Helen cheated on him. Pierre wounds his opponent. Bezukhov has to leave St. Petersburg, since duels are a judicial matter, and leaving will help hush up the matter.
Bezukhov is disappointed and sees no meaning in life. During this period, he becomes acquainted with a new teaching and enters the Masonic lodge. This brings him relief for a while. Pierre goes to his estates to introduce reforms. But it is not he who leads the changes, but the manager, so for the master only the appearance of reforms is created.
Bezukhov visits Bolkonsky and finds him despondent: he has lost interest in the service and in life in general, only his son occupies him. Pierre talks so enthusiastically about change and the good for all people that Andrei involuntarily becomes imbued with it. He introduces reforms much better than Pierre: he frees the serfs, builds schools for peasant children, and improves people's lives.
The truce between Russia and Napoleon seems short-sighted and criminal to the Russian military. Nikolai Rostov is so fascinated by the person of Alexander I that he takes this decision for granted.
Finding himself on business at the Rostov estate, Bolkonsky turns his attention to Natasha. She is full of vital energy and seems to convey a particle of it to Andrey. In St. Petersburg, Bolkonsky meets the reformer Speransky and begins to work on drawing up a new military manual.
Pierre becomes disillusioned with Freemasonry and returns to the capital.
Nikolai enlists to help resolve the family's financial problems.
Natasha Rostova and Sonya find themselves at the ball for the first time, where they are noticed. Here a new meeting of Andrei and Natasha takes place.
Bolkonsky often visits the Rostovs and falls completely in love with Natasha, and she reciprocates. Having proposed to her, Andrei is forced to postpone the wedding for a year, since the old prince is against their marriage. Andrei goes abroad for a whole year, and Natasha finds the separation difficult.
Countess Rostova is unhappy that her son is in love with poor Sonya; it would be more profitable for the family to marry a rich bride.
Natasha becomes the target of womanizer Anatole, he manages to win her favor. Since he cannot get married directly (he is already married), he wants to kidnap Natasha and arrange a secret wedding. Kuragin's plans collapse, Natasha is locked in the house, but many people become aware of the kidnapping.
This news reaches Bolkonsky. Insulted, Andrei breaks off the relationship, returning the letters to his ex-fiancée.
See a more detailed summary of volume 2 of the novel War and Peace
VOLUME 3
Natasha has a hard time experiencing the moral shame she suffered and falls ill for a long time. But after a few months the girl comes to life.
The year is 1812, and it is already clear that war with France cannot be avoided: the enemy has treacherously crossed the border.
Bolkonsky wants to take revenge on Anatoly, but he has to immerse himself in official, not personal affairs.
Petya Rostov longs to go to war, but his mother is afraid of losing her son, so they are looking for a safe place of service for the young man.
Bolkonsky in a letter gives his sister instructions to leave the estate, since the French troops are already close.
Old Bolkonsky dies, and before his death he asks his daughter for forgiveness for treating her so harshly lately.
Marya first has to be delayed because of her father’s funeral, and then because of the desire of the men to rebel and come under the rule of the French. Marya manages to leave the estate only thanks to the intercession of Rostov, who accidentally stopped along the way. Young people develop sympathy for each other.
On the eve of the Battle of Borodino, Andrei is worried about the soldiers and the outcome of the battle. Pierre also came to Borodino; he wants to benefit the Fatherland by fighting.
The battle is striking in its scale and will of the Russians to win: the battle ends in a draw, both troops suffered terrible losses.
Bolkonsky is seriously wounded. In the infirmary, he sees a man whose leg is being amputated - this is his rival, Anatole. Andrei feels compassion for him, revenge no longer interests him.
The Rostovs are one of the last to leave Moscow, which must be surrendered to Napoleon. They allow the wounded to stay in their house, and later take them with them from Moscow, sacrificing their property. By chance, Bolkonsky turns out to be among these wounded. Natasha asks Andrei for forgiveness and selflessly looks after him.
Pierre does not leave Moscow, but remains incognito in order to kill Napoleon. But his plans change, and he is later captured for resisting French soldiers.
See a more detailed summary of volume 3 of the novel War and Peace
VOLUME 4
St. Petersburg does not seem to notice the war, it passes by. In Anna Scherer's salon they discuss the message of the head of the church to the emperor and the strange illness of Helen Bezukhova, from which she suddenly died.
Prior to this, Helene excited the public with her desire to divorce Pierre and marry one of two high-ranking suitors.
Napoleon stands in Moscow, but no one greets him as an emperor, he is ignored. Bonaparte wants peace, but Kutuzov does not need peace, but an enemy outside the state. Fires and destruction begin in Moscow. A month later, Napoleon leaves the capital.
The Emperor proposes to go on the offensive, and Kutuzov has to give in. The Tarutino battle accelerates the outcome of the war: the French are no longer just retreating, they are fleeing Russia.
The victory is won, but Kutuzov is faced with court intrigues and the discontent of the emperor, he is reproached for the incorrect conduct of military operations. He retires and soon dies.
Having met Princess Marya in Voronezh, Nikolai Rostov again experiences tender feelings for her, but he is disgusted by the idea of marrying her just for money. Sonya hopes that Bolkonsky will recover and take Natasha as his wife, and this will make the marriage of Marya and Nikolai impossible. She releases Nikolai from his previous obligations to marry.
Andrei and Natasha are getting closer again and are no longer afraid to talk about love, but Bolkonsky’s health is melting. Arriving at the Rostovs, where Andrei was staying, Marya finds her brother on his deathbed. Soon Andrei dies.
Natasha and Marya are brought together by their common sadness.
Petya Rostov is constantly eager to fight, although his older comrades, Denisov and Dolokhov, are trying to save and hold him. In the very first battle during the partisan offensive, Petya dies.
Pierre meets a simple Russian soldier Platon Karataev in captivity, and he, by his example, teaches Bezukhov simplicity, kindness and wisdom. In captivity, Pierre experiences many shocks and suffers from poor health. The partisans free Bezukhov from captivity.
Pierre recovers his health in Orel, where no one knows him. Arriving in Moscow, Bezukhov learns about the death of his wife and Bolkonsky. Visiting Princess Marya, Pierre meets Natasha Rostova, who has changed beyond recognition. After Andrei's death, Natasha became isolated.
The news of Petya's death made Natasha remember how important it is to take care of living loved ones: she takes care of her mother, distraught with grief, and becomes the main support of the family.
Pierre feels that his love for Natasha has not faded away, as he thought. Natasha also feels affection and tenderness for Pierre. Princess Marya is a little angry that Natasha forgot about Andrei so quickly, but in the end she understands that these two need to be together.
See a more detailed summary of volume 4 of the novel War and Peace
Epilogue
Pierre married Natasha in 1813, and the next time the author returns to the lives of the heroes is already in 1820.
Count Rostov died and left many debts. Because of this, Nikolai has to leave his military career and go into civilian service to support his mother and Sonya. They live in a small apartment, and even Natasha has no idea what a predicament her brother is in.
Nikolai visits Princess Marya, he has to act dry and cold with her, despite his sympathy. Princess Marya manages to talk and clarify the relationship between them, which ultimately leads to marriage.
Nikolai's family moves to the Bolkonsky estate, Sonya began to live in their house as a companion. She still loves Nikolai, but no longer lays claim to him.
Nikolai manages to organize the farm, pay off his debts, and is going to buy back the Rostovs’ estate, which was once sold.
Often two families gather at once on the Bolkonsky estate - the Rostovs and the Bezukhovs, and then life becomes especially pleasant and cozy. Natasha has four children, Princess Marya is expecting a third, so children's voices are always heard in the house.
Arriving from St. Petersburg, Bezukhov tells Nikolai about the secret society in which he is a member. He talks a lot about reforms, about the need for change. Rostov sees such ideas as treason to the sovereign. 15-year-old Nikolenka Bolkonsky, Andrei’s son, also hears the conversation. After the death of his father, he reverently became attached to Pierre and strives to imitate him. Impressed by talk of a secret society, the boy has a dream in which he leads men into battle like his father.
The second part of the epilogue is devoted to the author’s discussions about historical processes and what Napoleon’s role is in them. Tolstoy pays tribute to the courage and strength of the Russian people, which manifested themselves in the War of 1812.
See a more detailed summary of the Epilogue of the novel War and Peace
Nikolai's marriage, estate management
The princess finds out that he behaves this way out of pride, since he is poor and Marya is rich. In the fall of 1814, Nikolai married the princess and, together with her, Sonya and his mother, went to live on the Bald Mountains estate. He devoted himself entirely to the farm, in which the main thing is the peasant worker. Having become close to the peasants, Nikolai begins to skillfully manage the farm, which brings brilliant results. Men come from other estates asking to buy them. Even after the death of Nicholas, the people long preserve the memory of his leadership. Rostov is getting closer and closer to his wife, discovering new treasures of her soul every day.
Sonya is in Nikolai's house. For some reason Marya cannot suppress her evil feelings towards this girl. Somehow Natasha explains to her why Sonya’s fate is this: she is an “empty flower”, something is missing in her.
How has Natasha Rostova changed?
The work “War and Peace” (epilogue) continues. A summary of his further events is as follows. There are three children in the Rostov house, and Marya is expecting another addition. Natasha is visiting her brother with four children. The return of Bezukhov, who left for St. Petersburg two months ago, is expected. Natasha has gained weight, and now it’s hard to recognize her as the old girl.
Her face has an expression of calm “clarity” and “softness”. Everyone who knew Natasha before her marriage is surprised at the change that has occurred in her. Only the old countess, who understood with her mother’s instinct that all the impulses of this girl were aimed only at getting married and starting a family, wonders why others do not understand this. Natasha doesn’t take care of herself, doesn’t watch her manners. For her, the main thing is serving the home, children, and husband. This girl is very demanding of her husband and jealous. Bezukhov completely submits to his wife’s demands. He has the whole family in return. Natasha Rostova not only fulfills her husband’s wishes, but also guesses them. She always shares the way of thinking of her husband.
Conversation between Bezukhov and Nikolai Rostov
Pierre feels happy in his marriage, seeing himself reflected in his own family. Natasha misses her husband, and now he comes. Bezukhov tells Nikolai about the latest political news, says that the sovereign does not delve into any matters, the situation in the country is tense to the limit: a coup is being prepared. Pierre believes that it is necessary to organize a society, possibly illegal, in order to benefit people. Nikolai does not agree with this. He says he took an oath. In the work “War and Peace,” the heroes Nikolai Rostov and Pierre Bezukhov express different opinions about the further path of development of the country.
Nikolai discusses this conversation with his wife. He considers Bezukhov a dreamer. Nikolai has enough problems of his own. Marya notices some limitations of her husband and knows that he will never understand what she understands. This makes the princess love him more, with a tinge of passionate tenderness. Rostov admires his wife’s desire for the perfect, the eternal and the infinite.
Bezukhov talks to Natasha about important matters awaiting him. According to Pierre, Platon Karataev would approve of his family life, and not his career, because he wanted to see peace, happiness and decorum in everything.
Genre of the work
“War and Peace” opens the genre of the epic novel in Russia. The features of any novels are successfully combined here: from family novels to memoirs. The prefix “epic” means that the events described in the novel cover a significant historical phenomenon and reveal its essence in all its diversity. Typically, a work of this genre has a lot of plot lines and characters, since the scale of the work is very large.
The epic nature of Tolstoy’s work lies in the fact that he not only invented a story about a famous historical event, but also enriched it with details gleaned from the memories of eyewitnesses. The author did a lot to ensure that the book was based on documentary sources.
The relationship between the Bolkonskys and the Rostovs was also not invented by the author: he depicted the history of his family, the merger of the Volkonsky and Tolstoy families.
Nikolenka Bolkonsky's dream
Nikolenka Bolkonsky was present during Pierre’s conversation with Nikolai. The conversation made a deep impression on him. The boy adores Bezukhov and idolizes him. He also considers his father to be a kind of deity. Nikolenka has a dream. He walks with Bezukhov in front of a large army and approaches the goal. Uncle Nikolai suddenly appears in front of them in a menacing pose, ready to kill anyone who moves forward. The boy turns around and notices that it is no longer Pierre who is next to him, but Prince Andrei, his father, who is caressing him. Nikolenka decides that his father was kind to him and approved of him and Pierre. They all want the boy to study, and he will do it. And one day everyone will admire him.
Second part
Once again Tolstoy discusses the historical process. Kutuzov and Napoleon (“War and Peace”) are two key historical figures in the work. The author says that history is made not by the individual, but by the masses, who are subordinate to common interests. This was understood by the commander-in-chief Kutuzov described earlier in the work (“War and Peace”), who preferred the strategy of non-interference in the historical process to active actions. It was thanks to his wise command that the Russians won. In history, a person is important only to the extent that he accepts and understands the interests of the people. Therefore, Kutuzov (“War and Peace”) is a significant person in history.
The War of 1812 in Tolstoy's novel
The War of 1812, as a turning point in the lives of all the heroes of the novel War and Peace, has been mentioned several times above. It was also said that it was won by the people. Let's look at the issue from a historical perspective. L.N. Tolstoy draws 2 images: Kutuzov and Napoleon. Of course, both images are drawn through the eyes of a person from the people. It is known that the character of Bonaparte was thoroughly described in the novel only after the writer was convinced of the fair victory of the Russian army. The author did not understand the beauty of war, he was its opponent, and through the mouths of his heroes Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, he speaks of the meaninglessness of its very idea.
The Patriotic War was a national liberation war. It occupied a special place on the pages of volumes 3 and 4.
Author: Anastasia Fedorova
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Family thought
Particular expression in this part of the work was given to the idea of the spiritual foundations of the family as an external form of unification of people. As if the differences between spouses are erased in it, the limitations of souls complement each other in communication between them. The epilogue of the novel develops this idea. Such, for example, is the family of Marya and Nikolai Rostov. In it, the principles of the Bolkonskys and Rostovs are combined in a higher synthesis.
In the epilogue of the novel, a new family gathers in Bald Mountains, which combines the heterogeneous Bolkon, Rostov, and, through Bezukhov, Karataev traits. As the author writes, several different worlds lived under one roof, which merged into a harmonious whole.
It is no coincidence that this new family arose, including such interesting and different images (“War and Peace”). It was the result of national unity born of the Patriotic War. In this part of the work, the connection between the general and the individual is reaffirmed. The year 1812 in Russian history brought a higher level of communication between people, removing many class restrictions and barriers, and led to the emergence of broader and more complex family worlds. In the Lysogorsk family, as in any other, disputes and conflicts sometimes arise. But they only strengthen relations and are peaceful. Women, Marya and Natasha, are the guardians of its foundations.
The history of the novel
“War and Peace” is the famous epic novel by Russian writer Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy.
The literary value of this novel surpasses all his other works. The writer worked on this novel for seven years. It is believed that the official start date for work on this large-scale book was September 1863. Initially, Tolstoy wanted to make the starting point of the novel 1856; later he decided to begin the story with the Decembrist uprising of 1825, but later he moved the date again, as he wanted to talk about the early years of his hero’s life, which coincided with the events of 1812. As a result, the narrative of the novel begins in 1805.
Note 1
The title of the novel also changed several times. The original name was “Three Pores”.
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The beginning of the epic was not easy for Tolstoy. He devoted the entire autumn and early winter of 1856 to the beginning of the work. 15 variants of the beginning of the novel have been preserved. Several times Tolstoy also wanted to abandon the idea of \u200b\u200bwriting such a large-scale work, explaining this by the fact that he could not convey his entire plan on the pages of text.
When Tolstoy worked on writing this novel, first of all he wondered what role man plays in the development of history. The main source was quite a few documentary materials about the events of 1812. For Tolstoy, a particular difficulty was that the characteristics of the main figures of that time, Alexander I and Napoleon, were not unambiguous, so Tolstoy decided not to reflect someone’s subjective assessment, but to reflect his own assessment of those events in the novel. The writer had to work with a huge number of historical documents; they helped him form his independent point of view.
In order to better understand the events of those times, he spent two days near the village of Borodino. It was extremely important for the writer to visit this particular place; he made sketches of this area at different times of the day. Having visited the site of the Borodino battle, the writer was able to feel the spirit of those events in a new way; this trip inspired him to further write the novel. The writer did a tremendous amount of work: the novel contained 5,200 pages of handwritten text.
Finished works on a similar topic
Course work Tolstoy L.N. “War and Peace”, brief analysis 490 ₽ Abstract Tolstoy L.N. “War and Peace”, brief analysis 220 ₽ Test paper Tolstoy L.N. “War and Peace”, brief analysis 230 ₽
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People's thought
At the end of the epilogue, the author’s philosophical reflections are presented, in which Lev Nikolaevich again discusses the historical process. In his opinion, history is made not by the individual, but by the masses of people who express common interests. Napoleon (War and Peace) did not understand this, and therefore lost the war. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy thinks so.
The last part of the work “War and Peace” ends - the epilogue. We tried to make the summary concise and succinct. This part of the work sums up the entire large-scale creation of Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy. “War and Peace,” the characteristics of the epilogue of which we have presented, is a grandiose epic that was created by the author from 1863 to 1869.
Plot
(Anna Pavlovna Sherer’s salon. Illustration by A.V. Nikolaev for the novel “War and Peace.” 1969-1970)
Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" tells about the pre-war, military and post-war events of the early 19th century. The central theme is Napoleon's war with Russia. Against the backdrop of global events, the destinies of the main characters of the work are traced, their path to finding personal happiness.
The four volumes of the novel fit into the life of an entire generation and social layer of high Russian society at the beginning of the century.
