Writer and playwright D.I. Fonvizin, whose comedy “The Brigadier” never left the stage, was compared to Moliere. Therefore, the play “The Minor,” staged on the stage of the Moscow Medox Theater on May 14, 1783, was also a huge success.
One of the main characters of this comedy was Prostakov Mitrofan Terentyevich, the son of the Prostakovs, simply Mitrofanushka.
As soon as the name of the comedy “Undergrown” is pronounced, the image of a mama’s boy, a quitter and a stupid ignoramus immediately appears in the imagination. Before this comedy, the word “minor” did not carry an ironic meaning. During the time of Peter I, this was the name given to noble teenagers who had not reached the age of 15. After the play appeared, this word became a household word.
The main character himself, Mitrofanushka, is devoid of any purpose in life. The main activities in life that he enjoys are: eating, lazing around and chasing pigeons. His idleness is encouraged by his mother. “Go and have some fun, Mitrofanushka,” is how she answers her son when he is about to go chase pigeons.
A sixteen-year-old boy at that time was supposed to go to service at this age, but his mother did not want to let him go. She wanted to keep him with her until she was 26 years old.
Prostakova doted on her son, loved her with a blind maternal love, which only harmed him: Mitrofanushka ate until his stomach hurt, and Prostakova tried to persuade him to eat more. The nanny said to this that he already ate five pieces of pies. And Prostakova answered: “So you feel sorry for the sixth one.”
When Mitrofanushka was offended, she came to his defense, and he was her only consolation. Everything was done only for the sake of her son, even in order to provide him with a carefree future, she decided to marry him to a rich bride.
She tried not to bother him with anything, not even with his studies. It was customary for noble families to hire teachers. And Prostakova hired teachers for him, but not so that he could learn intelligence, but it was just the way it was supposed to be. The names of the teachers spoke for themselves: the German coachman Vralman, the retired soldier Tsyfirkin, the half-educated seminarian Kuteikin. Mitrofan did not want to study and told his mother: “Listen, mother. I'll amuse you. I'll study; just let this be the last time. The hour of my will has come. I don’t want to study, I want to get married.” And Prostakova agreed with him, because she herself was illiterate and stupid. “It’s only torment for you, but everything, I see, is emptiness. Don’t learn this stupid science!”
All his relatives irritated Mitrofanushka, he did not love anyone - neither his father, nor his uncle. The nanny, who did not receive money for raising Mitrofan and always protected him from his uncle, tried to teach him something. She persuaded him: “Yes, teach at least a little.” Mitrofan answered her: “Well, say another word, you old bastard! I’ll finish them off, I’ll complain to my mother again, so she’ll deign to give you a task about yesterday.” Nobody's worries bothered him. This hero combined in himself the worst qualities of the young nobles of that time.
All the mother's concerns about her son did not find an answer. Mitrofanushka treated his mother with disdain. He did not respect her at all and played on her feelings: His words: “The river is here and the river is close. I’ll dive in, just remember what my name was,” or “All night, such rubbish was in my eyes. -What rubbish, Mitrofanushka? “Yes, either you, mother, or father,” prove this.
Even at a difficult moment for the mother, the son refuses her. “You are the only one left with me, my dear friend,” with these words Prostakova rushes to her son. She seems to be looking for support in the only person close to her. Mitrofan indifferently throws out: “Go away, mother, how you imposed yourself.”
His mother's upbringing and the environment in which Mitrofan Prostakov lived made him a heartless, stupid animal who only knows what to eat and have fun. The thoughts instilled in Mitrofan by his mother that lying on his side could get both ranks and money fell on fertile ground. We can conclude that Mitrofan, if his fate had turned out the way his mother intended, would not have disgraced his “surname.”
It seems to me that the meaning of this comedy is the playwright’s protest against the Prostakovs and Skotinins. There should be as few such inhumane, rude, stupid people as possible. They should not constitute the majority of society. I share the writer's point of view.
Mitrofan Prostakov is one of the main characters in D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor.” From the list of characters we learn that the title of the play refers to him. This was the official name given to nobles, mostly young people who had not received an education document and had not entered the service. At the same time, the word “minor” meant any minor nobleman. Mitrofan is the son of provincial nobles, almost sixteen years old. One of the heroes of the comedy, the official Pravdin, characterizes his parents in this way: “I found the landowner a countless fool, and his wife a despicable fury, whose hellish disposition makes their whole house miserable.” Fonvizin used telling first and last names in the play: the name Mitrofan in Greek means “resembling a mother.” And indeed, as the plot develops, the reader becomes convinced that the son has inherited all the disgusting character traits from Prostakova, and it is she who is his main educator and example. Mitrofan is stupid and ignorant: for the fourth year he sits over the book of hours, for the third year he cannot learn to count. Moreover, he cannot be called an enthusiastic student; he believes that with his “studies” he is doing everyone a great favor, and Prostakova herself, who sees only harm in education, asks him: “At least for the sake of appearance, learn.” She constantly explains to her son her principles of life, not least of which are greed and stinginess. Therefore, the landowner calls arithmetic a “stupid science”, since according to the conditions of the problem it is necessary to divide the found money into three or calculate the increase in the teacher’s salary. In relation to the teachers and Eremeevna, who dotes on him, Mitrofanushka shows rudeness and cruelty, calling them “garrison rat”, “old bastard”, threatening to complain to the ambulance about the mother’s reprisal. But as soon as his uncle Skotinin attacked him, he cowardly asks for protection from the old nurse who had been offended by him. The little guy is lazy and spoiled, he uses every opportunity to get rid of his teachers and go chasing pigeons. All his base aspirations consist only of eating deliciously and a lot, not studying, but getting married. His father notices in him the Skotinins' family love for pigs. Mitrofan is used to getting his way both with threats (“After all, the river is close here. I’ll dive, remember what my name was”) and clumsy flattery. His invention about the dream is comical: “All night such rubbish was creeping into my eyes... Yes, it was you, mother, then father... As soon as I started to fall asleep, I saw that you, mother, deigned to beat father... So I felt sorry for you... You, mother : You’re so tired beating your father.” To achieve their goals, the Prostakovs do not hesitate to use any means. Together with his parents, Mitrofan first subserviently before Starodum in the hope of receiving an inheritance, and then is ready to marry his niece Sophia by force. When the kidnapping fails, he, like his mother, plans to take his anger out on the serfs. Brought up in an atmosphere of malice and cruelty, Mitrofan grows up selfish, loving no one but himself, not even his mother, who indulges him in everything. Having lost power and therefore become unnecessary to Prostakova, who turned to his son for consolation, he pushes away with the words: “Let go, mother, how you imposed yourself...”. His stupidity and lack of education evoke irony among the good heroes of the comedy, and they perceive his hard-heartedness as a logical consequence of a bad upbringing. The author himself shares the same opinion. In the comedy “The Minor,” Fonvizin expressed his educational ideals in the words of Pravdin and Starodum: “The direct dignity in a person is the soul... Without it, the most enlightened, clever woman is a pitiful creature... An ignoramus without a soul is a beast.” The image of Mitrofan became an instructive example of what evil ignorance leads to, and his name became a household name. More than one lazy person was frightened by the prospect of becoming like him.
What are Mitrofan’s life principles and the author’s attitude towards them? (Based on the comedy by D. I. Fonvizin “The Minor”) The main character of Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor,” Mitrofan, is sixteen years old. This is the age when a young person grows up, his attitude to life is determined, and life principles are formed. What are they like for Mitrofan? First of all, it should be noted that his life principles are determined by the environment and the situation in which he is brought up. His parents are serf-owners. They live off the labor of serfs and therefore cannot do anything useful themselves. Mitrofan's main educator is his mother Mrs. Prostakova. This is an autocratic lady who commands not only all her servants, but also her husband. He does not dare to contradict her in anything. And only towards Mitrofan does the mother show love and care. But they express themselves in a very unique way. Firstly, she considers it necessary to feed her son so much that he becomes a glutton. In one of the initial scenes of the comedy, we find out that Mitrofanushka has a stomach ache: “Yesterday after dinner I got sick,” he complains to his mother. And from the subsequent listing of what he ate at dinner, it turns out that he simply overate. Secondly, the position of a feudal landowner, in the mother’s opinion, makes it possible to do without any teaching. So, according to Prostakova, Mitrofanushka has no need to know geography: after all, there are cab drivers who will take you where you need to go. Mitrofan really likes this mother’s attitude. He declares: “I don’t want to study, I want to get married.” Thirdly, Mitrofan’s mother has no moral principles. With those who are weaker, she behaves like a formidable lady, in whose will it is to execute or pardon her serfs. At the same time, in relation to the stronger, Prostakova shows servility and hypocrisy. And these life principles were fully formed in her son. He is also rude to people dependent on his mother, including nanny Eremeevna, who takes care of him and takes care of him in every possible way. The meanness of his nature is especially clearly manifested in the finale of the comedy. When Prostakova, brought to justice for her atrocities by Starodum and Pravdin, in grief rushes to hug her son and says: “You are the only one left with me, my dear friend, Mitrofanushka!” - he, with open rudeness, rejects her affection: “Go away, mother, how you imposed yourself...” And such behavior of Mitrofan even evokes pity for the mother, insulted by her son. In the image of Mitrofan, Fonvizin showed how the vices inherent in the entire feudal society cripple the souls of people from childhood. Condemning these vices, the playwright exposes their carriers to general ridicule. This is the ideological and artistic value of the comedy “The Minor,” created in the eighteenth century, but retaining its relevance to this day.
Image of Mitrofan
The name for Prostakova’s son was not chosen by chance. “Mitrofan” in Greek means “like a mother.” From the very first scene we see that Mitrofan is trying to get along with his mother in everything. Talking about his dream, he says that he felt very sorry for his mother, who was tired of beating the priest. Mitrofan is not eager to study or serve and prefers the position of a “minor.” Mitrofanushka’s sentiments are completely shared by his mother. “While Mitrofanushka is still in his infancy,” she reasons, “let him sweat and pamper him, and then in ten years, when he comes out, God forbid, into the service, he will suffer everything” (I, 4).
Before Fonvizin, the word “minor” did not have a condemnatory meaning. Children of the nobility who were under 15 years of age were called minors, i.e. age prescribed by Peter I for entering the service. In Fonvizin it received a mocking, ironic meaning. Mitrofan is already sixteen years old. Consequently, Prostakova plans to keep him with her until she is twenty-six years old. However, she also cherishes the following thought: “How is happiness destined for anyone, brother. From our family of Prostakovs, look, lying on their sides, they are flying to their ranks. Why is their Mitrofanushka worse? (I, 4) And, hearing such reasoning, the viewer is convinced that with such a mother, Mitrofan Prostakov will not disgrace his “surname.”
Mitrofan is an undergrowth, first of all, because he is a complete ignorant, knowing neither arithmetic nor geography, unable to distinguish an adjective from a noun. But he is also immature morally, since he does not know how to respect the dignity of other people. He is rude and impudent to servants and teachers. He ingratiates himself with his mother as long as he feels her strength. But as soon as she lost power in the house, Mitrofan sharply pushed Prostakova away from him. And finally, Mitrofan is an immature in the civic sense, since he has not matured enough to understand his responsibilities to the state. “We see,” Starodum says about him, “all the unfortunate consequences of bad upbringing. Well, what can come out of Mitrofanushka for the fatherland? (V, 1)
Lazy and arrogant, but very smart in everyday life, Mitrofanushka is taught not sciences and moral rules, but immorality, deception, disrespect for his duty as a nobleman and for his own father, the ability to bypass all the laws and rules of society and the state for the sake of his own convenience and benefit. This rude and lazy man is not stupid, he is also cunning, he thinks practically, he sees that the material well-being of the Prostakovs depends not on their enlightenment and official zeal, but on the intrepid impudence of his mother, the clever robbing of his distant relative Sophia and the merciless robbery of his peasants.
The image of Mitrofanushka is created using realistic techniques. Skotinin’s roots have been evident in him since childhood; we learn about this from Mrs. Prostakova’s speech: “Our Mitrofanushka is just like his uncle. And he was a hunter of pigs, just like you. When I was still three years old, it used to be that when I saw the back, I would tremble with joy” (I, 7).
His character is clearly revealed through speech. He has already learned the addresses to servants that are customary in his family: “old khrychovka, garrison rat” and others, however, when he needs protection, he turns to Eremeevna: “Mommy! Shield me! (II, 4) He has no respect for his elders, he addresses them rudely, for example: “Why, uncle, have you eaten too much henbane? Get out, uncle, get out" (II, 4). His actions also serve to reveal his character: he cowardly hides from Skotinin behind Eremeevna’s back, complains to Prostakova, threatening to commit suicide, willingly takes part in the abduction of Sophia and immediately meekly agrees with the decision of his own fate: “For me, where they tell me to…” (V, 7).
Just like other members of his family, the abstract meaning of objects is inaccessible to him, which we see in the example of the explanation of the part of speech of the word “door”; he perceives only a specific object.
Mitrofan is one of the main characters of the comedy, and the title is dedicated to him. He considers himself already very mature, although he is still quite a child, but not sweet and naive, but capricious and cruel. Narcissistic, because everyone surrounded him with love, but in such a limiting way.
Of course he laughs at the teachers. It is clear that he wants to marry the beautiful Sophia. He is not afraid of anything, but he is very cowardly. That is, he is afraid of everything, is always ready to call his nanny and mommy for help, but he behaves very arrogantly and defiantly with everyone...
And everything would be fine! But only his mother supports him in everything and does not limit him in any way.
We meet Mitrofan when he shows off in a new caftan, and his mother scolds the tailor. Mitrofan has already grown up - a tall, rather dense guy. His face is not very smart, nor are his actions. He laughs a little at everyone, plays, fools around. He is definitely well fed, he doesn’t even know how to stop, so his stomach often hurts. He grew physically, but his heart and soul were not cared for. And the fact that his brain simply doesn’t want to remember information (he’s been learning the alphabet for three years) is also Mitrofan’s whims. It seems to him that even without science he will be able to do everything through his mother’s efforts. She almost married him to the rich heiress Sophia, who is also very beautiful and kind.
Mitrofan often does what he is told. Not the teacher, of course, but the mother. She said, “Kiss a stranger’s hand,” and that’s what he does. But only for profit. Mitrofanushka has no courtesy, kindness, or respect for others.
In general, Mitrofan may not be so bad, but he is very spoiled. The undergrowth believes in its exclusivity “without effort.” He sees himself as a successful landowner, he sees himself. In his heart there is no love even for his adoring mother, for his faithful nanny, for anyone. Of course, he only loves himself, but not enough. Otherwise, he would at least learn and develop!
The image and characteristics of Mitrofanushka with quotes and examples from the text
Mitrofan Prostakov is the hero of the play by D.I. Fonvizin "Undergrown", a young man, the only son of the Prostakov nobles. In the 19th century, minors were called young men from noble families who, due to their laziness and ignorance, could not complete their studies, and, as a result, enter the service and get married.
Fonvizin in his play makes fun of such young people, embodying their features in the image of one of the main characters of the play - the Prostakovs' son Mitrofan.
Father and mother love their only son very much and do not notice his shortcomings, moreover, they worry about their son and take care of him as if he were a small child, protect him from all misfortunes, they are afraid that he may become overtired from work: "... while Mitrofanushka is still in undergrowth, sweat it and pamper it; and there, in ten years, when he enters, God forbid, into service, he will suffer everything...”
Mitrofanushka is not averse to a tasty dinner: “...And I, uncle, almost didn’t have dinner at all […] Three slices of corned beef, and hearth, I don’t remember, five, I don’t remember...” “...It’s clear, brother, you had a hearty dinner...” “ ... I deigned to eat a whole jug of kvass...”
Mitrofan is a very rude and cruel young man: he tortures serfs, mocks his teachers, and does not hesitate to raise his hand even against his father. This is the fault of the mother, who took the household into her own hands and does not value her husband at all. Neither the peasants nor her relatives like her, because she swears and beats everyone in vain.
Mrs. Prostakova is also responsible for the upbringing and training of Mitrofanushka, but without interfering much with these processes. Therefore, the young man is cruel and rude, but cannot stand up for himself, but hides behind his mother’s skirt. Things are also no better with studies. Not only is Mitrofan stupid and lazy, he is not interested in anything, he is not curious, and he is very bored in class. In addition, his teachers are useless - the former sexton Kuteikin, the retired sergeant Tsyfirkin and the former coachman Vralman are ignorant and poorly educated people: “...Well, what can come of Mitrofanushka for the fatherland, for whom ignorant parents also pay money to ignorant teachers? ..” In addition, Vralman is a French teacher, although he himself is German and does not know French, but manages to teach it to the boy.
The image of Mitrofan reflected the type of representative of the younger generation of that time: lazy, ignorant, rude; he does not strive to grow spiritually, mentally and culturally; he has no ideals or aspirations.
“Minor”: characteristics of Mitrofanushka
The character in whose honor the work is named is almost sixteen years old. While many at his age are completely independent adults, Mitrofanushka cannot take a step without her mother’s prompting, without holding on to her skirt. He is one of those who is called a “mama’s boy” (and as mentioned above, a direct indication of this is contained even in the meaning of his name). Despite the fact that Mitrofanushka has a father, the boy does not receive a male education in the full sense of the word - his father himself is not famous for such qualities.
For his parents, Mitrofanushka is still a small child - even in his presence they talk about him in this way, calling him a child, a child - and Mitrofanushka shamelessly takes advantage of this throughout the comedy. The boy doesn’t think anything of his father, thereby once again proving that he is a perfect “mama’s boy.” Very indicative in this regard is the scene where Mitrofan takes pity on his mother, who is tired of beating her father - so, poor thing, she worked hard beating him. There is no question of sympathizing with the father.
It is not entirely possible to give a brief description of Mitrofanushka in “The Minor” - so much can be said about this character. For example, he really likes to eat a hearty meal, and then - to relax to his heart’s content without doing anything (however, he doesn’t have much to do except study, in which, it must be honestly noted, he is not at all diligent). Like his mother, Mitrofan is a rather heartless person. He loves to humiliate others, putting them below himself, once again “showing a place” to people working for him. Thus, he constantly offends his nanny, who has been assigned to him since birth, but who is always on his side. This is another revealing moment in the characterization of Mitrofanushka from the comedy “The Minor.”
Mitrofanushka is a sneak and an insolent person, but at the same time he is also a sycophant: already at that age he feels who should not be rude, in front of whom he should “show his best qualities.” The only trouble is that with such a mother’s upbringing, Mitrofanushka simply cannot have the best qualities. Even to her, the one who loves him so blindly and allows him everything, he threatens and blackmails her in an attempt to achieve what he wants for himself. Such qualities do not do honor to the characterization of Mitrofanushka, speaking of him as a bad person, ready to go over his head for the sake of only himself and his demands, as a person who loves only as long as his will is fulfilled.
It is interesting that Mitrofan is characterized by self-criticism: he is aware that he is lazy and stupid. However, he is not at all upset about this, declaring that he is “not a hunter of smart girls.” It is unlikely that such a quality passed to him from his mother; rather, he adopted it from his father - at least he should have inherited something from him. This is a brief description of Mitrofanushka, a hero whose name has been given to people with similar character traits for several centuries.
Option 3
Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin is a great Russian writer. In his work “The Minor,” he showed readers a generalized image of the younger generation from the noble class of the 19th century using the example of the main character Mitrofan. The name Mitrofan translated from Greek means “mother-like.” The hero is brought up in a family in which relationships are built on lies, flattery, and rudeness. The mother raised her son to be an unlucky, uneducated man. Mitrofan has no goals or aspirations in life, they are too small and insignificant. He is spoiled and treats rudely not only the servants, but also his parents. Fonvizin did not come up with this image. In fact, at that time in noble circles there were often teenagers like Mitrofan, who studied poorly, did nothing, and lived their days like that.
Mitrofan had home teachers who, in principle, did not give him any knowledge. But the hero has no desire to study at all. He is stupid, naive, his speech is undeveloped and rude. This person is not adapted to the life around him, he cannot do anything without his mother and without servants. His main activities during the day are to eat, rest and chase pigeons. What made Mitrofan exactly like this? Of course, this is the education system that came from Prostakova, the hero’s mother. She indulged his whims too much, encouraged all his mistakes, and thus, in the end, this was the result of his upbringing. This is the blind love of a mother for her child.
Growing up in such conditions, Mitrofan was accustomed to having a say in the family and the right to treat others rudely. It will be very difficult for a person like Mitrofan in life if he is left alone with his problems. At the end of the work, Prostakova loses her estate and along with it loses her own son. This is the fruit of her upbringing. This result of the comedy shows the level of this system of upbringing and education.
Using the example of the image of Mitrofan, Fonvizin showed one of the main problems in family education. This problem is still relevant today. In modern society, there are also such spoiled children who grow up in similar conditions. Everyone should think about how to eradicate such undergrowth that is dragging our society back. I think that people like Mitrofan do not know what real life is and do not understand its meaning due to their ignorance. I feel sorry for these children and their parents. I hope that all parents, after reading this comedy, will understand their mistakes and be able to raise a worthy citizen of their country.
Essay 4
The play “The Minor” was written by Fonvizin in 1781. A year later it was staged. The performance created a sensation. But the work displeased Catherine the Second and Denis Ivanovich was forbidden to publish his works, and the theater on whose stage the premiere took place was closed.
In the eighteenth century, noble children under the age of sixteen were called minors. It was believed that they had not yet “grown up” to independent, adult life.
One of the main characters of the comedy, Mitrofanushka, was such an undergrowth. Nowadays, this name has become a household name, synonymous with a stupid and lazy mama's boy.
Mitrofan is almost 16 years old. And it's time for him to serve in the army. But his mother, Mrs. Prostakova, blindly loves her son and is not ready to let him go for anything in the world. She spoils him and indulges him in everything. Indulges him in idleness. Such upbringing led to the fact that the boy grew up and turned into a rude, lazy ignorant teenager.
They hired teachers for Mitrofanushka, but they didn’t teach him anything, because he didn’t want to study: “I don’t want to study, I want to get married.” However, the mother does not insist on classes: “Go and frolic, Mitrofanushka.” However, such teachers are unlikely to teach a child intelligence. This is evidenced by their surnames - Tsyfirkin, a retired soldier, Kuteikin, a half-educated seminarian and the German Vralman, who turned out to be a coachman.
The Prostakovs’ son does not love or respect anyone. He treats his father with disdain. This is very clearly shown in the scene where a mama’s boy feels sorry for his parent because she is “... so tired, beating his father.” Mitrofan is rude to the servants and snaps at them. He calls his nanny or mother “old bastard.” He mocks teachers and serfs. Our hero and his own mother do not value him at all. No worries touch his heart. He shamelessly takes advantage of Prostakova's blind love. And he even blackmails her: “The river is close here. I’ll dive in, remember your name.” And to the question about what bad things I dreamed about at night, he answers: “Yes, either you, mother, or father.”
To all the listed bad qualities of Mitrofan, one can add cowardice and servility before a strong enemy. He humbly asks for mercy when an attempt to forcibly take Sophia down the aisle fails, and on Starodum’s orders he meekly agrees to go serve.
Thus, in Mitrafanushka, Fonvizin embodied all the shortcomings and vices inherent in the nobility of that time. This is ignorance and stupidity, greed and laziness. Simultaneously the habits of a tyrant and servility. This image was not invented by the author, but taken from life. History knows many examples of undersized, illiterate, soulless people who take advantage of their power and lead an idle lifestyle.
Was there a boy?
It is known that Fonvizin “peeped” the scenes for his work in real life. What about the heroes? Are they completely invented or copied from real people?
The characterization of the hero Mitrofanushka gives reason to believe that his prototype was Alexey Olenin. He subsequently became known as a statesman and historian, as well as an artist. But until the age of eighteen, his behavior was absolutely similar to the characteristics of Mitrofanushka: he did not want to study, was rude, lazy, as they say, “wasted his life.” It is believed that it was Fonvizin’s comedy that helped Alexei Olenin “take the right path”: supposedly, after reading it, he recognized himself in the main character, saw his portrait from the outside for the first time and was so shocked that he gained motivation for “rebirth.”
Whether this is true or not, it is now impossible to know for sure. But some facts from Olenin’s biography have been preserved. Thus, until he was ten years old, he was raised by his father and a specially hired tutor, and he was also educated at home. When he went to school (and not just any school, but the Page Court), he was soon sent to continue his studies abroad - he was chosen for this purpose, since little Alyosha demonstrated excellent progress in his studies. Abroad, he graduated from two higher institutions - thus, there is no need to say that Olenin was lazy and ignorant, like Mitrofanushka. It is quite possible that some of the qualities inherent in Olenin were reminiscent of the characteristics of Mitrofanushka, however, most likely, it is impossible to say that Olenin is a 100% prototype of the Fonvizin hero. It is more likely that Mitrofan is some kind of collective image.
