About the product
Shakespeare's Macbeth was written in 1606, three years after the death of Queen Elizabeth. The work, based on one of the plots of Scottish history, became a unique response of the writer to the political situation in England.
For a reading diary and preparation for a literature lesson, we recommend reading online a summary of “Macbeth” chapter by chapter. You can test your knowledge using a test on our website.
The material was prepared jointly with a teacher of the highest category, Kuchmina Nadezhda Vladimirovna.
Experience as a teacher of Russian language and literature - 27 years.
"Macbeth" retelling
"Macbeth" Shakespeare retelling
The play opens with a menacing scene of thunder and lightning as the three witch sisters decide where their meeting with Macbeth will take place. In the next scene, a wounded warrior reports to King Duncan of Scotland that his generals Macbeth and Banquo have defeated troops from Norway and Ireland led by the rebel MacDonald. The noble Macbeth is praised for his courage and bravery.
Change of scenes. Macbeth and Banquo have a conversation, including discussing the weather and victory (“I remember no harsher or fairer day”).
They meet witches who give them their predictions. The first praises Macbeth as Thane of Glamis (a Scottish title of nobility; Macbeth is already Thane of Glamis by birth), the second as Thane of Cawdor, and the third that he will even be the new king. While Macbeth stands thoughtfully, they tell their predictions to Banquo: “he will not be a king, but he will become the ancestor of a whole dynasty of kings.” Here the witches quietly disappear, and in their place a messenger from the king, Ross, appears and reports that Macbeth has been given the title of Thane of Cawdor (the previous thane was sentenced to execution for treason) - the first prediction has been fulfilled. Naturally, Macbeth immediately has plans to become king.
Macbeth writes to his wife about the predictions. When King Duncan decides to stay at Macbeth's castle, Inverness, she decides to kill him and thus guarantee the throne for her husband. Macbeth expresses doubts about the need for regicide, but his wife convinces him to agree to the plan.
The actual murder is not shown, but Macbeth is so shocked by what he has done that his wife takes the rest upon herself - she places the bloody dagger on the sleeping servant.
The next morning Lennox and Macduff, Thane of Fife, arrive. Macbeth accompanies them to the king, and Macduff discovers the corpse. In a fake rage, Macbeth kills the servants without giving them a chance to justify themselves. However, Macduff immediately begins to suspect Macbeth, without, however, showing it.
Fearing for their lives, the sons of King Duncan flee: Malcolm to England, and Donalbain to Ireland. The flight of the heirs rightfully comes under suspicion, and Macbeth assumes the throne of Scotland.
Despite this success, Macbeth reflects on the third prophecy given by Banquo. He invites him to a feast, but upon learning that Banquo and his youngest son Fleance were already going for a horse ride that evening, he hires killers. Banquo is killed, but Fleance manages to escape.
At the banquet, Banquo's ghost suddenly appears and sits on Macbeth's throne. Only Macbeth himself can see him. The other guests react strangely when Macbeth shouts at the empty throne - Lady Macbeth orders them to leave. Disturbed, Macbeth goes to the witches again.
They summon three ghosts with three warnings and predictions: “Beware of Macduff”, “None of those born of woman will harm Macbeth” and “From all enemies Macbeth is preserved by fate until Birnam Wood comes to battle on Dunsinane Hill” (quoted based on translation by M. Lozinsky). While Macduff is in exile in England (he plans to go to war with Malcolm against Macbeth), Macbeth kills everyone in his castle, including Lady Macduff and Macduff's three sons.
Lady Macbeth at this time is gnawing at her conscience - in the famous scene of the play, she walks in her sleep and tries to wash imaginary blood from her hands, all the while talking about some terrible things.
Malcolm and Macduff, meanwhile, have raised an army and plan to invade Scotland and overthrow the "tyrant" Macbeth. Macbeth sees that many of his nobles (thanes) have abandoned him. Malcolm, Macduff and Siward surround Dunsian Castle. Their warriors collect tree branches to disguise their location in Birnam Forest; The servant, in a panic, tells Macbeth that the forest has begun to move. The second prophecy has been fulfilled.
Meanwhile, Macbeth delivers the famous nihilistic soliloquy "Tomorrow, tomorrow, tomorrow" upon learning of Lady Macbeth's death (Macbeth concludes it is suicide).
A battle breaks out, Siward the Younger is killed, Macduff meets Macbeth. Macbeth says that he is not afraid of Macduff and that he cannot be killed by any man born of a woman. Then Macduff replies that he was “plucked from his mother’s womb with a knife.” Macbeth finally understands the last prophecy, but it is too late. The battle ends with Macduff cutting off Macbeth's head, fulfilling the prophecy.
In the final scene, Malcolm is crowned. It is believed that the witches' prophecy regarding Banquo has been fulfilled, because the real-life King of England, James I of the Scottish House of Stuart, was considered by the audience of Shakespeare's time to be a descendant of Banquo. There is a direct hint of this in Shakespeare’s text itself, when Macbeth sees the ghost of Banquo and a number of his descendant kings; the eighth of them holds a mirror, where the new kings are visible “with a three-barrelled scepter, with a double power” (since starting with James I, the eighth king from the house of Stuart, Scottish monarchs also began to rule England and Ireland).
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Summary
Act I
Scene 1
On the heath, “with lightning, with thunder,” three witches agree to meet after the battle in the heather, where they plan to meet Macbeth “before the dawn of evening.”
Scene 2
A bloodied sergeant arrives at the camp near Forres, which serves as the residence of the Scottish King Duncan. He brings good news: the king’s cousin and one of his experienced commanders, “the pet of battle glory, the brave Macbeth,” defeated the opponents, and their leader MacDonald “cut his torso in half and stuck his head on a pole above the tower.”
However, the joy from Macbeth's brilliant victory did not last long. The King of Norway, Duncan's former ally and his vile traitor, took advantage of the opportunity to move his numerous regiments against the Scots.
However, Macbeth and the second commander Banquo “responded to the enemy with a double blow” and defeated the enemy.
The sergeant becomes weak from loss of blood and is taken to the doctor. The nobleman Ross appears at the king’s and reports the unconditional surrender of the Norwegians: King Svenon begs for a truce and offers to “hand over ten thousand dollars.” Impressed by Macbeth's courage, Duncan rewards him with the title of the defeated traitor - Thane of Cawdor.
Scene 3
Three witches flock to a heather field and brag to each other about the evil deeds they have committed. Hearing the drums, they close the magic circle three times, thereby casting a spell on Macbeth.
On the way to Forres, these “withered and wild creatures” come across the eyes of Banquo and Macbeth. The witches greet the generals and predict Macbeth's upcoming coronation. Banquo also wants to know his future. The witches answer him: “You are not a king, but you will give birth to kings.” The friends are quite surprised at what the old women predicted to them.
Royal envoys Angus and Ross gallop towards the commanders to announce royal favor to the victors. The witches' predictions begin to come true: Macbeth learns about the assignment of new titles. In his dreams, he already sees himself as a king, but Banquo warns his friend against such thoughts, which could serve him badly.
Scene 4
At the palace in Farres, Malcolm informs his father about the execution of the Thane of Cawdor. The king thanks Macbeth for his courage, but he modestly replies that the duty of all subjects is to “earn the love and honor of the sovereign.”
Duncan informs the crowd that he is elevating Malcolm's son to the "rank of Prince of Cumberland" and officially appointing him as his successor. Macbeth understands that Malcolm is now standing in his way to the coveted throne.
Scene 5
In Inverness, at Macbeth's castle, his wife receives a letter from which she learns about the witches' prediction. Realizing that her husband could become king and she could become queen, Lady Macbeth calls on the evil spirits to imbue her “from head to toe with villainy.”
Macbeth arrives at the castle, and the king should follow him. The wife of the brave commander asks him to rely on her in everything, and to “look like an innocent flower” when communicating with Duncan.
Scene 6
Lady Macbeth politely greets the King of Scotland and his retinue. Duncan asks to quickly take him to Macbeth.
Scene 7
In honor of important guests, Macbeth throws a luxurious feast at his castle. His wife regrets that it is impossible to commit an atrocity “with one blow” and thereby confirm the prophecy. She assures her husband that their plan will work. It is only necessary to get Duncan and his retinue properly drunk, and put all the blame on the stupid servants.
Act II
Scene 1
After the feast, Banquo and his son Fliens retire. Having met Macbeth in the corridor of the castle, he gives him a diamond - a gift from the king for the “best of mistresses.”
When Banquo and Fliance leave, a bloody dagger appears before Macbeth’s eyes - an “ominous ghost” that is “accessible only to the eye, and not to the hand.”
Scene 2
Having thoroughly drunk all the guests, Lady Macbeth waits outside the gates of the hall for her husband, who must commit the crime of killing Duncan. He soon emerges, shocked by what he has just done.
Lady Macbeth demands that her husband immediately return to the hall and throw the bloody blades to the sleeping servants, but he refuses. Then the determined woman herself plants the instruments of crime on innocent people and smears them with blood, “so that evil can be seen on them.”
A knock is heard at the south gate. The couple rush to their bedchamber to wash off the blood stains from their hands and take on the appearance of people who have just woken up.
Scene 3
The gatekeeper lets the royal nobles Lenox and Macduff into the castle. Lenox tells the owner of the castle about a terrible storm that raged all night, and Macduff, meanwhile, goes to wake up the king. Soon he runs out and delivers the terrible news: the king has been killed!
Macbeth and his wife play horror perfectly. Under the pretext of fierce hatred for the “killers” of the king, Macbeth stabs the servants who were found with bloody daggers. In fact, he simply eliminates unnecessary witnesses.
The sons of the murdered Duncan - Donalbain and Malcolm - do not trust anyone present. They are sure that “feigned sadness comes easily to some liars.” For their own safety, the brothers decide to “share destinies”: Malcolm goes to England, and Donalbain goes to Ireland.
Scene 4
Ross discusses the events of the previous night with a 70-year-old man. Seeing Macduff, he asks who the king's killer was. He says that the crime was committed by the servants stabbed to death by Macbeth, who were bribed by the brothers Malcolm and Donalbain, who fled in a hurry from the castle.
No one doubts that now “Macbeth will be king.” Without hesitation, he goes to Scone, “to receive the crown there.”
Act III
Scene 1
Banquo suspects that Macbeth became king through foul means. He is reassured only by the fact that, according to the witches’ prophecy, he himself will become “the father and root of many kings.”
Macbeth shares with Banquo rumors “about bloody nephews” that sow confusion in the minds of people. Left alone with himself, the newly-minted king begins to reason. He admits that he has a “deep fear of Banquo” in his soul, which suppresses him. Macbeth hires two assassins to destroy his main opponents in the struggle for the throne - Banquo and his son Fleance.
Scene 2
Seeing her saddened husband, Lady Macbeth tries to cheer him up, because “victory is worthless” if it does not bring joy. The commander hints to her that a new crime is expected soon.
Scene 3
The two assassins tasked with killing Banquo and his son are joined by a third villain. He admits that he was also sent by Macbeth. They manage to kill Banquo, but he warns Fliens about the danger in time, and the young man hides from the killers.
Scene 4
At a feast in honor of the new king, Lady Macbeth meets distinguished guests. Meanwhile, the killers inform Macbeth of the completed task: Banquo has “twenty wounds on his head,” but Flience managed to escape.
Suddenly, the bloody ghost of Banquo appears in front of Macbeth, and he begins to talk to him, thereby frightening his guests. Lady Macbeth tries to explain her husband's strange behavior by fits that have tormented him since childhood.
The ghost either disappears or appears again, and Macbeth “with his strange illness” spoils the whole feast. The guests leave. Macbeth notices that Macduff was not at the feast.
Scene V
In the steppe, Hecate, the mistress of dark forces, scolds three witches for daring to “secretly introduce Macbeth” to the secrets of death. The king does evil for his own selfish interests, and “will not want to be a servant” of darkness. Hecate decides to correct the mistake of her subjects and prepare a terrible fate for Macbeth.
Scene VI
Lenox makes “impudent speeches” with the lord: the nobleman has no doubt that Macbeth was involved in the deaths of Duncan and Banquo. The lord says that Malcolm settled at the court of the English King Edward. Soon the faithful Macduff joined him.
Act IV
Scene 1
Thunder rumbles, a storm rages. There are three witches in the cave and they are brewing a potion in a large cauldron, throwing a wide variety of ingredients into it: “the eye of a copperhead, the tail of a supper, the wool of a leathern, a dog’s tooth along with a frog’s metacarpus.” Hecate thanks the witches for their efforts and advises them to quickly finish their preparations: Macbeth is approaching the cave.
The king wants to get answers to his questions, not from the witches, but from the “elders.” The soothsayers begin to cast witchcraft, and soon a ghost in a helmet appears before Macbeth. He advises the king to be wary of Macduff.
The second ghost in the guise of a bloody baby assures that Macbeth can safely shed blood and trample on any laws, since he is invulnerable “to those born of woman.”
The third ghost - “a child in a crown, with a branch in his hand” - predicts great success for Macbeth, but only until “until Birnam Forest sends trees to Dunsinane Hill on a campaign.”
Macbeth asks the witches whether the Banquo family will “sit on the throne of power”? But they do not give the king a precise answer.
Scene 2
In Macduff's castle, the nobleman's wife is killed by the absence of her husband, who abandoned her and their children. Macduff's little son asks his mother whether his father was a traitor, and what he deserves for betraying the king.
Suddenly, a messenger appears in the castle, asking the lady to immediately flee, “taking the children with her.” Following the messenger, killers appear in the hall, one of whom stabs the boy to death. Lady Macduff is trying to hide from her pursuers.
Scene 3
In the palace of the English king, Malcolm invites Macduff to mourn his father, but he wants only one thing - to draw his swords and “stand up for his fallen fatherland.” However, the battle for the throne is not included in the plans of the rightful heir, since he considers himself too unworthy to take his father's place.
Malcolm lists all his vices to Macduff, and the honest nobleman is unable to come to terms with them. Then Malcolm admits that he deliberately denigrated himself in order to test the servant's loyalty. He is ready to return to Scotland and fight for the throne.
Ross comes to England and tells how “the tyrant’s troops are gathering” - Macbeth is preparing for war. He tells Macduff the sad news: his wife, children and all the servants are brutally murdered.
Act V
Scene 1
At Dunsinane, a lady-in-waiting tells the doctor that Lady Macbeth is sleepwalking. Together they watch how a woman with open but sightless eyes rubs her hands with a habitual movement: “it seems to her that she is washing them.”
Hearing Lady Macbeth mutter, the doctor takes up his pen “to hold more firmly” in his memory everything she says. This is how the doctor and the court lady learn Lady Macbeth's terrible secret.
Scene 2
Scottish nobles are discussing the imminent approach of English troops led by Macduff, Malcolm and Siward to Birnam Forest. In the conversation they touch upon Macbeth: some consider him crazy, and others consider him a “crazy daredevil.”
Scene 3
Upon learning of the flight of his soldiers, Macbeth becomes furious. However, this does not diminish his confidence in his own abilities: the king believes in the prophecy of ghosts.
A chalk-white servant enters and reports that ten thousand well-armed Englishmen are standing near Dunsinane. Macbeth understands that the coming battle will “either exalt or crush” him. He orders the doctor to quickly cure his sick wife, but he assures that medicine is powerless in her case.
Scene 4
The British army is located near Birnam Forest. Malcolm gives the order for the soldiers to pick branches and cover themselves with them in order to confuse the scouts and prevent them from finding out the exact number of troops.
Scene 5
Macbeth is not worried about the upcoming siege of the castle. Hearing a woman scream, he orders to find out what happened. The servant brings sad news: “The queen has died, sir.” However, Macbeth is annoyed: the death of his wife is completely out of place.
A messenger comes running to the king and reports that “the forest is coming to the castle.”
Scene 6
Just before the castle, the English warriors throw off branches and go into open battle with Macbeth's army.
Scene 7
Macbeth compares himself to a bear, “that is tied to a post, but must fight.” He fights with the son of the commander Siward and kills him in the fight. Meanwhile, Macduff is looking for his terrible enemy, Macbeth, to avenge the death of his family.
Scene 8
Seeing Macduff, Macbeth asks him to leave because he feels guilty for the death of his wife and children. In anger, Macduff attacks him, but the king only laughs and says that he will never be killed by “one born of woman.” To which the nobleman gloatingly announces that he was “cut out of his mother’s womb before his term with a knife,” and kills the king.
Macduff brings Macbeth's head to Malcolm and praises the new king.
Summary: Macbeth
The scene of the tragedy takes place in XI. in Scotland and England. The three witches are talking about when they will meet again, and they agree that after the victory of one of the parties. In a military camp near Forres, the Scottish king Duncan receives good news that Macbeth, the king's cousin, has defeated the troops of the Irish and MacDonald, whom he killed in battle. Sergeant Ross also informs the king that immediately after the victory, the Scottish army was attacked by the king of Norway, Svenon, and his ally, who betrayed Duncan, the Thane of Cawdor.
But Macbeth defeated his enemies here too. The Norwegians pay a huge payment, and the king orders the traitor to be executed and Macbeth to be given the title of Thane of Cawdor. During a thunderstorm in the steppe, three witches boast to each other about the abominations they have committed. Macbeth and Banquo appear in Forres. The prophets were waiting for them. They greet Macbeth three times - as the Thane of Gdamis, and then as the Thane of Cawdor, and only then as the future king. Banquo asks the witches to predict his fate. The witches praise Banquo three times, since he is the ancestor of kings, and disappear. Royal envoys Angus and Ross arrive, they urge the commanders to go to Duncan and congratulate Macbeth, Thane of Cawdor, on his new title. The witches' predictions come true. Banquo tells Macbeth not to attach importance to all this, since evil spirits lure people into their networks by pretending to be the truth.
But Macbeth is already dreaming of the throne, but the thoughts appearing in his head about the murder of the noble Duncan are disgusting to him. At Forres, Duncan happily meets his military leaders. The king gives his eldest son Malcolm the title Prince of Cumberland and declares him heir to the throne. He also gives honor to others. To distinguish Macbeth from everyone, Duncan will spend the night in Inverness at his castle. Macbeth is furious because Malcolm is preventing him from ascending the throne. He is already planning to commit a crime. At Macbeth's castle, his wife received a letter from her husband. She really likes Macbeth's predicted fate. She argues that he deserves such a fate, only he lacks the fortitude and determination to commit a crime for the sake of power. he is afraid of doing evil with his hand.
The wife is ready to push her husband to murder. And as soon as Macbeth arrives home, his wife immediately tells him that he needs to kill Duncan when he comes to visit them. The king arrives at the castle. Macbeth is ashamed to kill the king in his house, because he awarded him honors, but the desire to rule is stronger. The wife tells him that he is a coward, and that there can be no luck, since the king will fall asleep very quickly, and she will give his servants wine and a potion to drink. Duncan must be killed with the daggers of the servants, since suspicion of Macbeth will immediately disappear. After the feast, Duncan, having given gifts to Macbeth's relatives, goes into the bedroom. A little later, Macbeth enters the king's bedroom and kills him, but Lady Macbeth comes to cover up the traces of the murder. In the morning, the famous nobleman from Scotland, Macduff, arrives at the castle. Macbeth accompanies Macduff to the royal chambers. And when he comes in, he sees that the king has been stabbed to death, and his drunken servants are stained with the blood of their master. Macbeth expresses anger and in a fit kills the servants, since their guilt is obvious, but only the sons of the murdered man, Donalbain and Malcolm, do not believe this.
The young men decide to escape from Macbeth's castle to England and the Irish. Many believe that Donalbain and Malcolm are involved in the murder of the king, as they flee the country. Macbeth is chosen as the new king, he goes to Scone to be crowned there. At Forres, at the royal palace, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth happily host Banquo. In the evening they arrange a dinner in honor of Banquo, but he needs to leave and doesn’t know whether he will be in time for dinner. Macbeth learns that Banquo will go with his son Fliens. Banquo is removed. Macbeth understands that the sensible and courageous Banquo is his main danger. Macbeth is afraid of his future fate, since all the witches’ predictions come true: Macbeth will not have children, and he will not injure himself for the crime he committed, and after Macbeth, Banquo’s grandchildren will rule. Macbeth decides to fight fate. He sends for the killers, who are two losers. The king tells them that Banquo is to blame for all their misfortunes, and they are ready to take revenge. Macbeth orders them to kill Banquo's son Fleance. In the palace in the park, Banquo and Fleance are lying in wait for assassins.
They attack them and kill Banquo, but he warns his son and Fleance escapes to avenge his father. Macbeth happily receives everyone, everyone sits down, but then one of the murderers comes and reports to the king about what happened. Turning to the guests, Macbeth sees that his place is taken by the bloody Banquo. Only Macbeth sees the ghost, and therefore the guests do not understand who the king is talking to. Lady Macbeth says that her husband's strangeness is due to illness. Everyone leaves. Macbeth calms down and tells his wife that Macduff did not come to the feast and therefore he suspects him of treason. In the morning, Macbeth wants to go to the three witches to better know the future. The gloomy deity Hecate speaks to the witches and says that he is going to kill him. In the palace in Forres, Lenox talks with another lord about the death of Banquo, Duncan, their children, Macduff. Macbeth is called a despot. Macbeth comes to the witches' cave.
He demands an answer from the higher spirits, whom vile old women call to him. The first ghost warns Macbeth that he needs to beware of Macduff. The second ghost tells Macbeth that no one who is born of a woman can defeat him in battle. The third sign states that Macbeth will not be defeated until Birnam Forest marches on Dunsinane Castle. Macbeth likes the predictions, but he wants to know whether the Banquo family will rule. The music starts and eight kings pass in front of Macbeth, the eighth holds a mirror in his hand, in which an endless line of rulers with a triple scepter and a double crown is visible. Here lies an allusion to the king of England, Ireland and Scotland - James I Stuart, since Banquo was his ancestor. Banquo is the very last to go and Macbeth solemnly points his finger at his great-grandchildren. Everything disappears. Lenox comes to the cave and says that Macduff has fled to England. Macbeth wants to kill Macduff and his entire family. Lady Macduff is at a loss because she learned about her husband's escape. A messenger arrives and informs her that she needs to escape with the children.
But she doesn’t have time, because the killers are already here. They kill a baby who tries to intercede for his mother, Lady Macduff, who is trying to escape. In England, Macduff tries to persuade Malcolm to go against the tyrant Macbeth. But Malcolm does not agree, because he believes that his reign will be even worse than Macbeth's, since he is very greedy, lustful, and cruel. Macduff is sad. Malcolm consoles Macduff, telling him that he lied because he thought it was a trap. But in fact, he is ready to go against Macbeth, and that the king of England will give him a large army, led by the English commander Siward, the prince’s uncle. Lady Macduff's brother, Lord Ross, arrives and reports that in Scotland people have taken up arms because everyone is tired of the tormentor. The Scots are ready to revolt. Macduff learns of the death of his family. He wants revenge. In Dunsinane, late at night, a maid talks to a doctor.
She is very worried about Lady Macbeth's strange illness, similar to sleepwalking. But then the queen herself appears with a candle in her hand, rubbing her hands as if trying to wash off the blood from them, which cannot be washed off, her speeches are very frightening. The doctor says there is nothing he can do to help, and the queen needs a priest. English troops approach Dunsinane, and with them Macduff Malcolm and Siward. They are joined by the rebel Scottish lords, Catnes, Mentis, Ross, Angus, Lenox. In Dunsinane, Macbeth receives news of the approach of the enemy. But Macbeth is not afraid, since all his enemies are born of women, and Birnam Forest did not set out on a campaign. At this time, in Birnam Forest, Prince Malcolm gives his soldiers the order that everyone cut down a branch and carry it in front of them in order to hide the number of rebels. The country no longer recognizes Macbeth, and his last fortress is the castle. Macbeth's soul has already hardened; he is not even touched by the news of his wife's death. A messenger arrives and tells Macbeth that Birnam Wood is coming to the castle. Macbeth is furious. He says that if he is destined to die, it will only be in battle. Macbeth gathers an army. In battles, Macbeth meets the young Siward and defeats him.
Macduff has not fought yet, because he does not want to kill ordinary peasants, and his main enemy is Macbeth. They meet. Macbeth does not want to fight him, but he is not afraid of him, since he was born of a woman. Macbeth learns that Macbeth was not born, but cut before term from his mother's womb. Macbeth is in despair, but he is not going to run away. They fight to the death. Malcolm's troops are victorious. He listens to the news of his subordinates. Siward the father is informed that his son died from a wound he received in the forehead. Macduff arrives and carries Macbeth's head. Malcolm is greeted with shouts. The new king announces that he is introducing the title of count for the award. Now we need to return those who fled from Macbeth to their homeland and punish his followers. But first he goes to Scone Castle to be crowned there, according to ancient custom.
Please note that this is only a summary of the literary work “Macbeth”. This summary omits many important points and quotes.
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