Origin and formation
Birth and childhood
The famous writer was born on June 6, 1799, and came from an untitled noble family. His family was not rich, but noble. His mother is Nadezhda Osipovna, granddaughter of General Peter the Great, Hannibal. Maternal great-grandfather, Abram Petrovich Hannibal, was a pupil and servant of Peter I, after which he became an engineer and general.
As a child, the poet lived with his grandmother in the village of Zakharovo. Alexander Sergeevich reflected the memories of those years in his early works: “Monk”, “Bova”. Grandmother, Maria Alekseevna, said about her grandson that he is an inquisitive boy, but he studies poorly because he does not turn in his homework on time. Either you can’t stop him, or you can’t stir him up. She assigned the child a nanny from among the serf peasant women, Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva, who read him fairy tales and sang songs. The writer recalled this time with love and pleasant sadness.
Adolescence and youth
Pushkin received his education in St. Petersburg. At the age of 12 he entered the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where he studied for six years. These years were some of the most fruitful periods in his life. His development was influenced by the French poets of the 17th and 18th centuries, whom he studied since childhood in his father's library. The ancient ancient poets also influenced: Homer, Virgil. Of the Russian wordsmiths, he was impressed by Batyushkov, Zhukovsky, and Davydov.
The best teachers in Russia taught at the lyceum. There he also met outstanding peers who were destined to make their contribution to the history of Russia: Pushchin, Delvig and Kuchelbecker. Already at this time, young Alexander joined the Arzamas literary society. In 1817, the poet completed his studies. Now he is a collegiate secretary, assigned to the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, but the career of an official did not please him. Pushkin's fate assigned him a more significant place in history, and the young maximalist felt it.
A. S. Pushkin. Life and main stages of the creative path
Subject:
A. S. Pushkin. Life and the main stages of the creative path (with a generalization of what was previously studied).. Historical concept of Pushkin’s creativity. Development of realism in lyrics. Romantic lyrics of Pushkin during the Southern and Mikhailovsky exiles. “The light of day has gone out...”
Target:
During the lesson, students will become acquainted with new facts about Pushkin’s life during the period of the Southern and Mikhailovsky exiles and with the most significant poems of this time. The story about the events of the poet’s life is either presented in a short message from the teacher, or can be assigned to trained students. As an individual assignment, students in humanities classes can trace the features of the romantic composition and stylistics of one of the “southern” poems. The main part of the lessons is devoted to the analysis of Pushkin's poems of the southern and Mikhailovsky periods.
Pushkin’s creative path is conventionally divided into several periods, which can be reflected in a chronological table by recording the characteristic features and most significant works of each stage. Pushkin's home education was common for noble families. Communication with his grandmother Maria Alekseevna and nanny Arina Rodionovna became important for the development of the poet. At the Lyceum, Pushkin the poet was formed under the influence of the works of Derzhavin, Radishchev, Karamzin, Zhukovsky, Voltaire, and Rousseau. Patriotic sentiments are evident in the early lyrics. The St. Petersburg period was marked by a tendency toward active romanticism and Decembrist sentiments. The poet joins liberal values and makes friends with the future Decembrists. “Liberty”, “Village”, “To Chaadaev” are born. Using ancient folk tales, Pushkin creates the innovative poem “Ruslan and Lyudmila.” Freedom-loving motives are intensified in the lyrics of the southern period. Poems appear in which the heroes are strong and searching individuals who are at odds with society. The work of this stage reflects two opposite facets of the romantic worldview: the poet enthusiastically sings of the values of love and freedom and begins to skeptically deny them, ironically doubting the implementation of youthful ideals.
In the last years of his life, Pushkin makes desperate attempts to break out of the close secular circle, thinks a lot about himself and his time. The life and main stages of Pushkin’s creative path confirm the poet’s enduring importance for world culture. It is expressed in the humanism of his lyrics and its national-historical and universal content, the merging of civil, philosophical and personal motives in it. The historical concept of Pushkin's creativity confirms the trend associated with the development of realism in lyrics, poems, prose and drama.
Questions and assignments for the poem “The daylight has gone out...”
1. What genre can this poem be classified as?
Give reasons for your point of view. 2. What features of romanticism appeared in him? (This is an elegiac reflection on the life and fate of a person, an assessment of one’s former hopes and dreams. The image of the lyrical “I” is close to the author, for whom a new time in life has arrived. The text is based on the contrast between the past and the present, between the expectation of freedom and its absence for an involuntary exile etc.) 3. How do the external facts of life and the internal impulses of the soul correlate in the poem? (Real events become the basis for psychological experience, expressed in the form of an elegiac memory.) 4. What meaning does the image of the ocean acquire in the poem? (The formidable elements of the ocean are consonant with the soul of the poet.) 5. In what key is nature depicted in the poem? (Nature is not only unusual, but also internally contradictory. For the poet, what is important is not a truthful description of the unusual landscape of the sea, but its power and freedom, spontaneous movement.) 6. What is the composition of the poem based on? (Inversion, contrast, boundless perspective, allegory.) 7. What meaning do emotional-evaluative epithets and verbs in the imperative mood give to the poem? 8. Individual task.
Compare Pushkin’s poem “The Sun of Day Has Gone Out…” with Batyushkov’s poem “Shadow of a Friend.” How were the principles of the “school of harmonic precision” manifested in Pushkin’s poem?
Lesson summary.
One of the main moods of Pushkin’s lyrics of the southern period is the tragedy of the perception of life. The poet's dual romantic worldview was formed from chanting the values of love and freedom and at the same time their ironic denial. However, the poet was able to overcome the “idealless” outlook on life. Therefore, in the romantic works of the Mikhailov period, motifs of the harmony of existence, filled with inspiration and creativity, the miracle of the transformation of the soul, the priority of inner freedom, which cannot be constrained by external laws and isolation from the world, begin to sound.
History of success
Pushkin's creative world is as diverse as his nature. He tried his hand at writing poetry, odes, elegies, fairy tales, novels, poems, plays, novellas and short stories. All genres lent themselves to his original creative style, all of them were conquered by the master. Creative success did not leave the genius, and today we turn to all his masterpieces, without forgetting a single work.
However, during the times of the poet himself, success was not so obvious and universal. He often needed money, not knowing how to manage his talent. You can compare the circulation of his magazine “Sovremennik” and the government publication “Northern Bee” under the leadership of F. Bulgarin, his ill-wisher and opponent. If Pushkin’s media, where his outstanding works were published, lost readers every year and, in the end, went bankrupt, then “Northern Bee”, with its unchanged propaganda course, gradually only gained momentum. Thus, the creative path of Alexander Sergeevich was thorny.
First works
Pushkin’s first work, “To a Friend the Poet,” appeared in 1814. It was published in the magazine “Bulletin of Europe”; it is believed that he dedicated the work to Kuchelbecker.
In 1815, an exam was held for lyceum students, Alexander read his poem “Memoirs in Tsarskoe Selo.” The outstanding poet G. Derzhavin admired the boy’s talent and even wanted to hug him, but after reading the poem Pushkin disappeared and could not be found for a long time. The Tsar’s educator and famous literary figure V. Zhukovsky was already sure then that Pushkin would surpass all his teachers, and yet the young talent was only 15 years old. At the same time he was recognized as a promising poet; there was no doubt about his gift. The history of Pushkin, as the greatest master of words, began precisely at the Lyceum.
Recognition and conflicts with authorities
The poet's lyrical hero dates back to antiquity. Love of life, a sense of inner freedom, love, but at the same time humility - these are the qualities of the hero.
Alexander Sergeevich relied on classicism for a long time, then he began to create in the spirit of romanticism, and in his later work he relied on realism.
As you know, Pushkin criticized serfdom and other internal political problems of Russia in poetry. He expressed the ideas of noble revolutionaries. The emperor was furious at the young poet's audacity. The decision was tough: to exile Pushkin from St. Petersburg to the south.
- Southern link . He spends four years in exile, but even there the author does not become disillusioned and does not give up. He enjoys his time in the Caucasus. There are high mountains, blue skies and a sparkling sea. From there he headed to Crimea, where he was tempted to emigrate from a country where he was not valued. But he overcame it, because he believed that his compatriots needed his work, he should be with them. After southern exile, he arrives in Chisinau, to the place of deportation. There he creates sketches of the famous poem "Gypsies". In the south he meets a secret southern society of noble revolutionaries who are preparing a plan for an uprising. But Pushkin had already become famous, so the agents easily found him and reported him to St. Petersburg: the poet was scolding the military authorities and the government. The writer is sent into indefinite exile to the family estate in the cozy village of Mikhailovskoye.
- Link in Mikhailovsky . In him, he felt a spiritual kinship with his ancestors and homeland. Alexander Sergeevich was very interested in history and studying his roots. The nanny read fairy tales to him, and Pushkin, inspired, wrote “About the Fisherman and the Fish,” “About the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights” and other fairy tales. He spent two happy and serene years in Mikhailovskoye. It was there that he became interested in chronicles and the topic of relationships between ordinary people and government. Finishes the novel “Boris Godunov”, writes “Eugene Onegin”.
On December 14, 1825, the Decembrist uprising occurred, which greatly shocked the poet. Soon, Tsar Nicholas I returned Pushkin from exile.
Stages of creativity
- Lyceum (1811-1817). The basis of creativity is patriotic pathos. Poems were written dedicated to friends and future service for the benefit of the fatherland: “Memories in Tsarskoe Selo”, “It was time...”, “To a friend the poet”, “To Zhukovsky”.
- Petersburg (1817-1820). At this stage, the poet sharply criticizes the authorities. His freethinking attracts the attention of censors. Written works: “Liberty”, “To Chaadaev”, “Fairy Tales”, “Village”, etc. In addition, the author is interested in Russian folklore, working on “Ruslan and Lyudmila.”
- Southern exile (1820-1823). The poet is fond of civil poetry, writes about the fate of the fatherland: “V.L. Davydov, “Dagger”, “Prisoner”, “The daylight has gone out...”, “Song of the prophetic Oleg”. At the same time, romanticism develops and strengthens in his work, exile greatly contributes to this: “Prisoner of the Caucasus”, “Bakhchisarai Fountain”. Pushkin also begins work on “Eugene Onegin.”
- Exile to Mikhailovskoye (1824-1826) . Romanticism, fueled by a special Caucasian flavor, is replaced by the harsh realism of the middle zone. The poem “Gypsies” was written, and then work began on the tragedy “Boris Godunov”. In addition, the poet composes one of the most famous poems, “I remember a wonderful moment...”.
- Moscow period (1826-1830). After the repressive response of the authorities to the Decembrist uprising, the poet does not betray his ideals and writes lines in support of the convicted nobles: “Arion”, “In the depths of the Siberian ores...”, “Anchar”.
- Boldino autumn (1830) and the second Boldino autumn of 1833. The author realizes and analyzes his literary vocation, discussing the difficult fate of the poet: “Prophet”, “Conversation of a bookseller with a poet”, “Poet and the crowd”, “Mob”, “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands...”. He is interested in prose and drama, writes “Little Tragedies” and “Belkin’s Stories”. The process of creating “Eugene Onegin” is coming to an end.
- Creativity of the 30s (1831-1837). Pushkin is interested in historical and social contradictions between the people and the authorities, the individual and the state. The poems “The Bronze Horseman”, “Dubrovsky”, “The Captain's Daughter” were written.
Chronological table of Pushkin's life and work
Unfortunately, Alexander Pushkin did not live very long. But during this time, many events happened to him, he wrote many vivid works, both in poetry and prose, which were included in the treasury of Russian and world literature.
And, despite the fact that great poets were born in Russia both before and after him, he is recognized among them as the most brilliant. And every educated Russian person should have an idea of the main milestones of his biography.
We present to your attention a chronological table of the life and work of Alexander Pushkin.
| Dates (old style) | Events |
| May 26, 1799 | A.S. was born. Pushkin |
| August 12, 1811 | Pushkin passed the exam together with Delvig at the Tsarsko-Selo Lyceum |
| September 22, 1811 | Alexander I approved the list of students |
| October 19 | The official opening of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum took place. |
| 1814 | First publication of my own work. It was the poem “To a Poet Friend.” |
| The poems “To the Beauty Who Sniffed Tobacco” were created "Feasting Friends" the play “To the Traveler” (another title is “To N.G. L<monoso>vu”), romance “In the evening, in stormy autumn...” “Message to Batyushkov” (“The philosopher is frisky and drinks ...”). | |
| 1815 | Zhukovsky drew attention to the young poet. The exam in the presence of Derzhavin, which so excited the old writer. |
| "Napoleon on the Elbe", published in "Son of the Fatherland" | |
| 1816 | Poems created: "Wish", “A healthy cup, "The Faun and the Shepherdess" |
| 1817 | Graduation from the Lyceum. Alexander Sergeevich receives an appointment to the Collegium of Foreign Affairs and leaves for Mikhailovskoye. |
| 1817 | "On the return of Emperor Alexander from Paris." The poem was published in the Proceedings of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature at the Imperial Moscow University" |
| February 1818 | I was seriously ill and doctors predicted death. |
| 1818 | Writes poems “Love, hope, quiet glory...”, “Liberty”, “N. Ya. Pluskova.” |
| 1819 | Pushkin became a member of the literary and political circle “Green Lamp” close to the Decembrists |
| The poems “To Chaadaev”, “Village”, | |
| 1818—1820 | Years of creation of the poem “Ruslan and Lyudmila”. The poem was completed in 1919 and published the following year. In 1820, Vasily Zhukovsky presented Pushkin with a portrait with the caption “To the victorious student from the defeated teacher.” |
| In the spring of 1820 | Pushkin goes to the Caucasus. |
| 1820 | Poems created: "The light of day has gone out" "Black Shawl" "Prisoner", "Napoleon" Work has begun on the poem “Prisoner of the Caucasus.” |
| Removal of Pushkin from St. Petersburg for epigrams on Tsar Alexander I, Count Arakcheev. This deletion was not a link. Pushkin was transferred to serve in the South. In Yekaterinoslavl, Pushkin fell ill with a fever, but unlike his first illness, here he was left to his own devices. Fortunately, the Raevskys came to Yekaterinoslavl, who... They asked for leave for the sick Pushkin and invited him to the water. The journey had a beneficial effect on Pushkin’s physical condition and creativity. | |
| 6th April 1821 | A message was written “To Chaadaev” (“In a country where I forgot the worries of previous years...”). |
| In September 1821 | Pushkin arrived in Chisinau. At the end of the year he attended the wedding of M.F. Orlova. |
| February 1821 | Work on “Prisoner of the Caucasus” has been completed. |
| May 1821 | Pushkin in Odessa. |
| December 26, 1821 | A poem was created, “To Ovid.” |
| 1822 | The poem “Prisoner of the Caucasus” has been published |
| The poem “Bakhchisarai Fountain” has begun. | |
| The poem “The Robber Brothers” was begun, but remained unfinished. | |
| “The Song of the Prophetic Oleg” was created | |
| Alexander Sergeevich went to Izmail. Along the way, he stopped by the gypsies, where he had the opportunity to observe their simple life and customs from the inside. | |
| 1823 | Work has begun on the novel “Eugene Onegin” |
| July 28, 1823 | In order to strengthen power in the South, Ivan Nikitich Inzov was asked to resign, and Count Vorontsov received control of the Novorossiysk province and Bessarabia. The office moved to Odessa. Therefore, Pushkin was also forced to leave Chisinau |
| October 22, 1823 | The first chapter of “Eugene Onegin” has been completed. |
| In 1823-24 | During his stay in Odessa the following poems were written: “The stormy day has gone out...” “Will you forgive me for jealous dreams...” "Insidiousness." "Daemon". |
| winter 1824 | Work has begun on the poem “Gypsies”. |
| July 8, 1824 | Pushkin, at the insistence of Count Vorontsov, was dismissed from service. |
| July 11 of the same 1824 | Pushkin was sent to live in the Pskov province, the village of Mikhailovskoye, which belonged to his mother. He lived alone on the estate, only the elderly Arina Rodionovna told him old fairy tales in the evenings. |
| 1824 | The poem “The Fountain of Bakhchisarai” saw the light of day. |
| In the early autumn of 1824 | A farewell poem “To the Sea” was written. |
| September 26, 1824 | Completed the poem “Conversation between a bookseller and a poet” |
| 1825 | Delvig came to Pushkin in Mikhailovskoye. |
| “Under the blue sky of my native country...” | |
| The poem ends with "Boris Godunov". The poems “Winter Evening” and “October 19” were created this year. | |
| December 14, 1825 | The poem “Count Nulin” has been completed. |
| 1826 | Pushkin was visited in Mikhailovsky by N.M. Yazykov, who came to meet with the disgraced poet from Dorpat. |
| Chapter II of the novel “Eugene Onegin” has been completed | |
| September 3, 1826 | Pushkin receives permission to travel to Moscow for treatment. |
| September 8, 1826 | Pushkin is awarded an audience with Emperor Nicholas II. |
| 1826 | The poem “Prophet” was created |
| December 22, 1826 | He stayed at the Zubkovs’ house, where he wrote the famous Stanzas “In the hope of glory and goodness...”. |
| 1827 | The third chapter of “Eugene Onegin” has been published |
| At the beginning of May 1827 | Receives permission to come to St. Petersburg |
| Summer of 1827 | Pushkin comes to St. Petersburg |
| July 14th | I wrote a message to Yazykov in St. Petersburg (“I’ve been getting ready to see you for a long time...”). |
| July 27, 1827 | The poem “Three Keys” was written. |
| 1828 | “Oh, if it’s true that in the night...” |
| The poem “The Poet and the Crowd” was created. The original title of this work is “Mob.” | |
| In November 1828 | The novel “Eugene Onegin” is finished. |
| November 9, 1828 | Pushkin wrote the poem "Anchar". |
| 1828 | The poet meets Natalya Goncharova. The young beauty amazed the poet with her extraordinary beauty. Pushkin began to seek her hand. |
| 1829 | Pushkin leaves for the Caucasus, and from Tiflis makes a trip to Arzrum, where at that time the Tsarist army was fighting. |
| The poem “Poltava” was published | |
| Early 1830 | Pushkin takes an active part in the publication of the Literary Newspaper |
| April 21, 1830 on Easter | Pushkin made an offer to Natalya Nikolaevna’s family, which was accepted. |
| 1830 | “For the shores of the distant fatherland...” |
| "The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda." This tale was published after the poet's death. | |
| Autumn 1830 | Pushkin's departure to Boldino on property matters and forced stay in the village until December. During this period the following were written:
|
| February 18, 1831 | wedding with Natalya Goncharova. |
| 1831 | "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" was written. |
| "Boris Godunov" published. | |
| October 21, 1832 | The novel “Dubrovsky” is dated. |
| 1833 |
|
| 1833 | “Belkin's Tales” were created. The novel in verse “Eugene Onegin” is published for the first time in its entirety, in all parts, in St. Petersburg. |
| Autumn 1833 | Trip to Orenburg and Boldino. “The Bronze Horseman” and “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish” were created in Boldin. |
| 1834 | “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion” was published. |
| 1835 | Egyptian nights. |
| Start of work on the history of Peter the Great. | |
| 1836 | Pushkin is seeking permission to publish the Sovremennik magazine. |
| January 27, 1837 | The poet is mortally wounded during a duel with Dantes. |
| January 29, 1837 | Pushkin died. |
Personal qualities
The personal qualities of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin influenced his life path. He was sincerely devoted to his work, despite the frequent mood swings that are common to all poets. He was kind to his beloved nanny and helped her. He also loved women very much, because they were his muses.
Pushkin's ideals are, first of all, political, spiritual and social freedom. He strongly condemned slavery in all its forms and manifestations: from serfdom to the power of fashion over secular society. He also sang honor and valor, loyalty to the fatherland and moral principles, strong love for family, homeland and chosen one. He knew how to discern the beauty of nature and often set its wisdom as an example for people. These are the features of Alexander Sergeevich’s worldview.
Pushkin's good qualities often brought him nothing but trouble. He was not greedy and dependent on the consumption of material goods, so he never had money; his family was often in need. His blind and zealous love for his wife turned into burning and unjustified jealousy, which destroyed him. His open soul was too susceptible to outside opinions, so the poet often fought duels and quarreled with those around him. His desire for justice also played a cruel joke on him: for his accusatory poems, the author was punished with exile and merciless criticism in the reactionary government press.
Personal life
It is difficult to list all the hobbies of the loving poet in one paragraph, so we described the detailed history of his adventures in the article “ Pushkin’s Women .”
Wife
Who did Pushkin love? There were many women in his life, the poet conquered them with his eloquence. But in December 1828, Alexander meets Natalya Nikolaevna Goncharova and understands that she is the limit of his dreams. All the men compared her to a goddess. Pushkin said that he fell in love with sixteen-year-old Natalya, and his head began to spin. The girl’s heart also beat strongly; she fell in love with an extraordinary and ardent gentleman, although she was surrounded by the attention of noble and rich people. Less than a year had passed since the poet proposed marriage to the girl of his dreams, but the lady’s mother was against the wedding: the groom was ruining her daughter’s career at court. She was Her Majesty's favorite lady-in-waiting. In 1830, Pushkin, having improved his financial affairs, wooed Goncharova for the second time, and then the family, yielding to pressure, agreed. After the wedding, they went to the estate of Alexander Sergeevich, then to St. Petersburg.
Nicholas I was not indifferent to the married woman and desperately hoped for reciprocity. Alexander Sergeevich received a salary from the tsar and took up the history of the Pugachev rebellion. It was necessary to find the necessary material, so the poet was forced to travel to other cities, and Natalya was closely monitored. The writer loved his wife very much, his letters are permeated with melancholy and tenderness. But, it must be said that his wife withstood the test of separation and did not betray her loving husband.
Children
Pushkin had four children in his marriage: Maria, Alexander, Grigory, Natalya. They all loved their father, a funny and loving family man. However, fate separated them, without giving the children enough time to get to know and understand their father.
It is known that before his death, Pushkin felt immense guilt towards his children for leaving them orphans and without a significant fortune. Therefore, he wrote a letter of repentance to the king asking him to forgive all his offenses and take care of the unfortunate family. Nicholas the First went to meet his long-time ill-wisher and after his death fulfilled everything he promised: he supported the family financially.
Duel
Causes
Pushkin was in a depressed state after the death of his mother. But to this grief was added the news about Dantes, who was courting the poet’s wife. On November 3, Natalya’s anonymous insult reached friends of the famous writer. The poet wanted to defend the honor of his beloved woman and the mother of his children. He was sure that Dantes was the root of evil, so he challenged him to a duel. Dantes's adoptive father, Hecker, was worried about the fate of his stepson, and agreed with Alexander Sergeevich to postpone this event for two weeks. Soon Dantes proposed to Natalya’s sister, Catherine, then Pushkin decided to nobly refuse the duel. But, despite the marriage, rumors about the persecution of Natalya Goncharova by Dantes did not cease. People spread dirty gossip that Dantes deliberately married Catherine in order to save the honor of the wife of a world-famous poet. Natalya asked her husband to leave St. Petersburg, but he did not listen to her and did it his own way. He wrote a message to Dantes' adoptive father. Pushkin's letter was devoted to homosexual relations between Hecker and his adopted son, which, according to rumors, really existed. Then Dantes remembers the old challenge and accepts it in order to have the right to shoot first. The poet's last duel was due to his own fault.
Another version says that Pushkin was ordered by agents of the Tsar’s secret police, supposedly the initiative came from the Tsar himself. He saw that Alexander Sergeevich was not going to give up his free-thinking way of thinking, so he decided to get rid of him, but not by an official decree, but by a cunning trick. Dantes was a careerist, he came to Russia for money and ranks, he could easily be used for his own purposes. Probably, the perpetrator of the dirty deed himself did not think about the consequences of his act, because he was not awarded, but was expelled from the country forever. This conspiracy theory is not particularly convincing, since there is no evidence other than circumstantial.
Death
A terrible event occurred on January 27 on the Black River. Pushkin is seriously wounded. The bullet passed through the femoral neck and entered the stomach. If the bullet had not reached his stomach, he could have lived and given the people a huge number of interesting works, but fate decided otherwise. All that remained was to wait for death.
After the fatal mistake, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin lived for two more days. Before his death, the poet wrote to Nicholas I that he asked for forgiveness for violating the ban on duels. The king forgives and promises to take care of his wife and children.
The entire literary elite gathered at the poet’s funeral; people mourned their loss with incredible force.
Pushkin places
- Pushkin's house is located in St. Petersburg and is part of the All-Russian Museum of Alexander Sergeevich. In September 1836, the poet's family rented an apartment on the embankment of the Moika River. At the moment, tourists come to visit the author, because there are daily excursions.
- also a memorial apartment for the sun of Russian poetry in Moscow, on Arbat. This building is included in the list of cultural monuments; it was in this building that the couple lived, in perfect harmony, after the wedding.
- In the Moscow region, in the village of Yaropolets, there is a fabulously beautiful estate of the Goncharovs . Unfortunately, the house was damaged during World War II due to a fire. Later it was restored and recreation centers were made. Now all lovers of Pushkin’s work can plunge into the atmosphere of that time and relax their souls.
- The childhood of Alexander Sergeevich is remembered by the walls of the Zakharovo estate . It was there that he lived with his mother and grandmother, and also became a pupil of his beloved Arina Rodionovna, who interested Pushkin in fairy tales. Because of this, our children are now growing up in the magical valley of Lukomorye. This house became the image for the Larins’ estate (the novel “Eugene Onegin”).
- The beauty of the historical literary museum-reserve of A.S. Pushkin “Big Vyazemy” was glorified by both the poet and other famous and significant figures of that time. People say that if you pay attention to the heroine of the work “The Queen of Spades,” you can find a similar resident of this estate.
- In Moscow, not far from the Krasnye Vorota metro station there is a majestic, rich house of the Volkovs-Yusupovs . It is believed that it was built by the same architects who created St. Basil's Cathedral. This house is an architectural complex of several towers, where exhibits reminiscent of Pushkin have also been preserved.
- The poet and his entire family were buried not far from Pskov, in the village of Pushkin Mountains, in the Svyatogorsk Monastery . The writer loved to spend time with ordinary parishioners and the rector. In the 20th century, they wanted to make a museum in the monastery, and towards the end of the century they founded a monastery.
- Pushkin spent his youth and maturity on the Mikhailovskoye estate . The estate was inherited from great-grandfather to mother. The house ended up in the hands of the state in 1899, and it was turned into a museum. Now you can relax there and feel the spirit of Russian poetry.
- Pushkin House-Museum in the village of Boldino in the Nizhny Novgorod region.
Boldino autumn of Pushkin
The Boldino autumn of 1830 gave Russian literature the best works of A.S. Pushkin. It is interesting that it happened completely by accident - while preparing for his wedding with Natalya Goncharova, the poet went to Boldino to resolve some financial issues, and intended to stay there for at most a week, but the outbreak of a cholera epidemic forced him to stay in the village for almost the entire autumn. It so happened that these three months became the most fruitful for his work. The phenomenon of Boldinskaya autumn in Pushkin’s work is surprising in the ratio of the number of texts created and the timing of their writing - Alexander Sergeevich created one work after another with incredible speed. Such inspiration pleased the poet, and he did not miss the opportunity to use it. In Boldino, Pushkin mastered a variety of genres and forms, experimented with vocabulary, and combined folk and literary forms. Unfortunately, Pushkin later failed to finish and implement much of what he started and planned in Boldino.
About thirty poems were written in Boldino, among them “Demons”, “Elegy”, “My Genealogy”. In addition, the novel in verse “Eugene Onegin” was completed here and the poem “Gypsies” was written. In general, the theme of the poems of the Boldino period comes down to memories of the past and impressions of the present. In addition, it was here that Pushkin began to try his hand at folk genres - for example, “The Tale of the Priest and his Worker Balda” was created here and “The Tale of the Bear” was begun, which was never completed.
As for prose, it was here that Belkin’s Tales were born. Pushkin, as you know, never adhered to strict genre boundaries, loved to experiment and create in different directions, and this cycle is proof of this. “Belkin’s Tales” contain works of different literary trends and genres that were popular at that time: realism (“Shot”), sentimentalism (“Blizzard”, “Station Warden”), vaudeville (“The Young Lady-Peasant”), Gothic story ( "Undertaker"). Moreover, all works have a feature that is inherent in critical realism: “little people” often appear in them, and the conflict develops at the lowest levels of the social ladder.
In Boldino, Pushkin tries his hand at drama and creates “Little Tragedies.” Small in volume, they are intimate in nature: they have few characters, they have a dynamically developing plot and an acute, irreconcilable conflict that ends, according to the law of the genre, with the death of the hero. At the heart of the conflict are the strongest human passions, which, if uncontrolled, can lead a person to death. In “The Stingy Knight” it is stinginess, in “Mozart and Salieri” it is envy, in “The Stone Guest” it is love passion. In this sense, “A Feast in the Time of Plague” differs from other tragedies, since it does not focus on any one passion, however, this tragedy completes the cycle and is a kind of generalization - it resolves the pressing issues of the existence of a person who looks death in the eyes . Here death is not a consequence of the conflict, but its cause. There is no explanation for the fact that the innocent and righteous are dying along with bandits and sinners - the epidemic is blind.
The Boldino autumn can be considered the clearest example of creative upsurge, the sudden appearance of inspiration as a result of a random coincidence. This phenomenon is difficult to explain, but it is better to simply enjoy its results - the best works of literature.
